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PSS exam 2 final study questions & answers 2024/2025
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PSS exam 2 final study questions & answers 2024/2025 Poikilothermic - ANSWERSbody temperature matches the temperature of their environment. insects are this. increase in temperature leads to increase in metabolism Host regulation - ANSWERSmanipulate host physiology for the benefit of the pa...

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  • August 13, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
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  • pss exam 2 final study questions answers 202420

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PSS exam 2 final study questions &
answers 2024/2025

Poikilothermic - ANSWERSbody temperature matches the temperature of their environment. insects are
this. increase in temperature leads to increase in metabolism



Host regulation - ANSWERSmanipulate host physiology for the benefit of the parasitoid



physiological time - ANSWERSthe amount of heat required over time for an insect to complete
development



insect development - ANSWERSat upper and lower thresholds less development and prediction



developmental minimum or threshold - ANSWERSthe temperature below which development does not
occur



thermal constant - ANSWERStotal number of degree days needed to reach developmental stage



degree days (DD) - ANSWERSheat units that have occurred for a specific day. accumulation of heat units
above a specific temp. DD= (Tmax+ Tmin/ 2) -DT



Importance of degree days - ANSWERSused to help plan timing of pest control applications and predict
emergence of first adults



humidity - ANSWERSlow levels, pests of stored grain develop more slowly. High relative humidity (100%)
insects may drown or be more readily infected by pathogens



food quality or availability- biotec effects - ANSWERSpoor quality food or reduced food availability delays
growth

,density dependent - ANSWERSeffect of the factor on birth or death rates change with population density



density independent - ANSWERSproportion of the killed by a factor unrelated to population density



insect diversity in accordance to plants - ANSWERSinsects have diversified at the same rate as plants
according to fossils



phytophagy - ANSWERSinsects that feed on plants. 50% of insects. far more diverse than sister groups



monophagous - ANSWERSspecialized to eat only one plant or species



oligophagous - ANSWERSpredators that feed on a wide range of prey



polyphagous - ANSWERSgeneralists that can feed on more than one family. Narrow host range



phenotypic variation - ANSWERSvisibly observable variation in a population like height, color, size,
chemical composition



what plant traits matter most for a host? - ANSWERSphenotypic variation



physical plant defenses - ANSWERShooks, thorns, leaf toughness, high silica content, waxy



trichomes - ANSWERShairs on leaf surface. can be hooked or glandular with defensive chemical
compounds



herbivore counter adaptations to mechanical defenses - ANSWERStarsal morphology (claws for
grasping), molting to replace worn mandibles, longer proboscis (straw like mouthparts), silk scaffolding



chemical defenses - ANSWERSconstitutive, induced, qualitative, quantitative

, constitutive defense - ANSWERSalways present. defenses provide continual protection against non-
adapted insect herbivores- tannins, resins, latex, cellulose, lignin, silica



induced defenses - ANSWERSplant damage induces chemical change. like regurgitant or spit



qualitative defenses - ANSWERSsmall molecules, toxins to interfere with metabolism, rapid response,
costly- rarer elements. like caffeine, glucosinolate



quantitative defenses - ANSWERSenergetically intensive to produce, reduce digestibility, tend to be in
high quantities, dosage dependent response. IE tannins



semiochemicals - ANSWERSchemicals used in communication between organisms



allomones - ANSWERSplant defensive compounds that harm insects



kairomones - ANSWERSchemical communication signals that benefit the receiver



compounds related to plant defense - ANSWERSsalicylic acid, jasmonic acid. They interact with each
other, sometimes negatively



commercial products to induce crop defenses - ANSWERSmethyl jasmonate --> jasmonic acid

BTH --> salicylic acid



antixenosis - ANSWERSnonpreference. a physical or chemical property of a plant that makes it less
attractive to insect herbivore



antibiosis - ANSWERSa plant trait that affects larval performance. certain plant varieties may produce
toxins that may affect insect development --> lower survival



evidence of antibiosis - ANSWERSdeath of immature larvae, reduction in growth rate, increased
mortality in pupal stage, small adults with lower fecundity, shortened adult lifespan, morphologically
malformed

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