CMN1160 EXAM WITH GUARANTEED
ACCURATE ANSWERS 2024-2025
Introduction - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅Media and communications policy
must adapt to changes in the communications environment
Convergence - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-The digital merging of technologies,
media forms, and media industries
-conflicts between international trade agreements and national communications
policy
Interactivity - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅We are quickly adapting to a
mediascape in which we have increasing choice about how, when, and where we
consume media
Trade between the US and Canada - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅If no Canadian
cultural policies were in place, American productions would easily flood our
marketplace
CUSMA (Canada, United States, Mexico Agreement) - ACCURATE
ANSWER✅✅-Canadian cultural exemptions were made in the original 1987
NAFTA agreement, but exceptions would allow the US to retaliate and seek
financial redress
-CUSMA extends free trade provisions to "digital trade"
WTO - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅There are no general exemption for cultural
industries under the WTO
,Convention on the production and promotion of the diversity of cultural
expressions (UNESCO, 2005) - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-Canadian was first
to ratify
-this convention has not been signed by the US and to date has no bearing on
international trade law
Creative Canada Policy Framework - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-The
Department of Heritage (2017)
-series of proposed policy measures to bolster national creative or cultural
industries (ex. Tax credits, copyright reform, strengthening public broadcasting)
Telecommunications Act (1993) - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-defines
telecommunications as "the emission, transmission or reception of intelligence by
any wire, cable, radio, optical or other electromagnetic system, or by any similar
technical system"
-until 1996, telecommunications and broadcasting treated as separate industries
Convergence Policy Statement (1996) - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-government
intended to break down barriers between telecommunications, broadcasting, and
cable markets
-allowed telephone and cable companies to buy TV, radio, and newspaper
companies
Federal government struck a panel to review the broadcasting and
telecommunications acts in June 2018 - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-review
panel will consider hot to "best support the creation, production and distribution of
Canadian content in both French and English - and focus on updating and
modernizing the broadcasting system"
-scheduled to report its finding in January 2020, with legislative changes to follow
,Telecommunications - $50.3 billion industry with six subsectors: - ACCURATE
ANSWER✅✅-local wireline telephone service
-long-distance wireline telephone service
-internet services
-data transmission
-private line
-wireless services
*five largest companies (Bell, Quebecor, Rogers, Shaw, Telus) generate 87% of
revenues
Canadian Radio-television and telecommunications commission (CRTC) -
ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-enforces the telecommunications act
-directed to interfere with market forces as little as possible
-four basic principles: transparency, fairness, predictability, and timeliness
-has refrained from regulation mobile, retail internet, international, satellite, and
long-distance telephone services
-intervenes in areas regarding tariffs and the licensing of International
telecommunications services
*the telecommunications act stipulates that telecom companies must be Canadian-
owned and controlled
Key policy issues in telecommunications: convergence; affordability and access;
foreign investment - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅- Vertical integration between
content and carriage raises issues such as ability of independently owned TV
networks to access distribution networks
- "Canadians pay some of the highest prices in the industrialized world for
cellphone plans" (Harris, 2018)
- Increasing foreign ownership of Canadian telecommunications companies
sometimes touted as away to lower costs and increase access
, - However, might be difficult to make foreign companies comply with Canadian
regulations (ex. Netflix)
Broadcasting - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅-Broadcasting is a $17.9-billion
industry that includes radio and television, as well as the distribution services of
cable and satellite.
-Distribution (49% of revenues), television (41%), and radio (10%)
-Television viewing has largely migrated to the internet
Broadcast regulation and policy - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅- Needed to
manage and assign airwaves to radio, television, emergency services, and the
military
- Canadian mandate to serve national, cultural, and political goals
- Broadcasting is licensed and regulated by the CRTC; the CRTC can also establish
new policy.
Broadcasting -continued - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅- "Access to broadcasting"
* The inclusion of all Canadians in the content and production of programming•
Conventional television licensees are no longer required to air Canadian content
during the daytime.
- Must carry at least 50% Canadian programming in the evening hours
- Other broadcast regulators
* Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC)
* Advertising Standards Canada (ASC)
Internet - ACCURATE ANSWER✅✅*One of the biggest issues in recent years
is net neutrality
