,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following pathophysiological mechanisms
is primarily involved in the development of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
a) Pancreatic beta-cell hyperplasia
b) Insulin resistance
c) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
d) Excessive production of glucagon
Correct Answer: c) Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus is primarily caused by an
autoimmune reaction that targets and destroys the insulin-producing beta
cells in the pancreas.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: The __________ is the compensatory mechanism that
involves the increase in the number of cells in response to increased
workload or stress.
Correct Answer: Hyperplasia
Rationale: Hyperplasia is the process of increasing the number of cells,
which can occur as a physiological response to demand or stress, such as in
the case of organ regeneration or wound healing.
3. True/False: The Frank-Starling law of the heart states that stroke volume
decreases as the myocardial fiber length increases before contraction.
Correct Answer: False
, Rationale: The Frank-Starling law actually states that the stroke volume of
the heart increases in response to an increase in the volume of blood filling
the heart (the end diastolic volume) when all other factors remain constant.
4. Multiple Response: Select all the factors that contribute to the
pathophysiology of Asthma:
a) Airway hyperresponsiveness
b) Decreased mucociliary clearance
c) Pulmonary artery hypertension
d) Inflammatory mediators release
Correct Answers: a) Airway hyperresponsiveness, b) Decreased
mucociliary clearance, d) Inflammatory mediators release
Rationale: Asthma is characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness,
inflammation leading to the release of mediators, and impaired mucociliary
clearance, which are not directly related to pulmonary artery hypertension.
Multiple Choice: What is the primary physiological change observed in
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Increased lung compliance
B) Decreased airway resistance
C) Air trapping due to decreased elastic recoil
D) Enhanced gas exchange efficiency
Correct Answer: C) Air trapping due to decreased elastic recoil
Rationale: In COPD, the loss of elastic recoil leads to air trapping,
resulting in difficulty exhaling and reduced airflow.
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