,1. Multiple Choice: Which of the following medications is considered a
first-line treatment for heart failure?
A) Lisinopril
B) Atenolol
C) Amiodarone
D) Digoxin
Correct Answer: A) Lisinopril
Rationale: Lisinopril is an ACE inhibitor, which is commonly used as a
first-line treatment for heart failure due to its ability to decrease blood
pressure and reduce the workload on the heart.
2. Fill-in-the-Blank: __________ is the process by which a drug's
therapeutic effectiveness increases when taken over a period of time.
Correct Answer: Tachyphylaxis
Rationale: Tachyphylaxis refers to the rapid decrease in response to a
drug after repeated doses over a short period of time, leading to increased
doses to achieve the same effect.
3. True/False: Beta-blockers are contraindicated in patients with asthma.
Correct Answer: True
Rationale: Beta-blockers can cause bronchoconstriction and may
exacerbate asthma symptoms, hence they are generally avoided in asthmatic
patients.
, 4. Multiple Response: Select all the correct statements regarding the
pharmacokinetics of elderly patients:
A) Reduced renal function may lead to drug accumulation
B) Hepatic metabolism remains unchanged
C) Increased gastric pH affects drug absorption
D) Decreased body water composition alters drug distribution
Correct Answers: A, C, D
Rationale: Elderly patients often have reduced renal function leading to
drug accumulation, increased gastric pH which can affect drug absorption,
and decreased body water composition which can alter drug distribution.
Hepatic metabolism can also change, but it is not a consistent finding.
5. Multiple Choice: What is the mechanism of action of Warfarin?
A) Vitamin K antagonist
B) Platelet aggregation inhibitor
C) Direct thrombin inhibitor
D) Factor Xa inhibitor
Correct Answer: A) Vitamin K antagonist
Rationale: Warfarin works by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-
dependent clotting factors, which are necessary for blood clotting.
6. Fill-in-the-Blank: The term __________ refers to the adverse effects that
occur when a new medication is started that disrupts a previously stable
drug regimen.
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