Straighterline Advanced Biology 101 final exam Revision paper for 2024/2025
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Course
Straighterline Advanced Biology 101
Institution
Straighterline Advanced Biology 101
Chemical Composition of the Cells: Atoms -Each atom has a positively charged nucleus which is
surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
The nucleus consists of protons (+) and neutrons (-).
The number of protons in the nucleus gives the atomic number.
Chemical Composition of t...
Straighterline Advanced Biology 101 final exam
Revision paper for 2024/2025
Chemical Composition of the Cells: Atoms -✓Each atom has a positively charged nucleus which is
surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
The nucleus consists of protons (+) and neutrons (-).
The number of protons in the nucleus gives the atomic number.
Chemical Composition of the Cells -✓-Ionic bonds form by the loss and gain of electrons
-Covalent bonds form by the sharing of electrons
-A cell is formed from carbon compounds
Chemical Composition of the Cells: Four Major Families of organic molecules -✓Fatty Acids- are
components of cell membranes
Amino acids- subunits of proteins
Sugars- provide an energy source for cells
Nucleotides- subunits of DNA and RNA
Metabolism -✓All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
Photosynthesis -✓-Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy.
-synthesize food from carbon dioxide and water
-involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
Cellular Respiration -✓a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms
to convert chemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste
products.
, Cell Structure and Function: Prokaryote (bacteria and archaea) -✓Pilus- hair-like appendage found on the
surface
Capsule- made of polysaccharides, helps the prokaryotes cling to each other and to surfaces
Cell wall- rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane
Plasma membrane- layer of lipids that separates the cell interior from the outside environment
Neucleoid (DNA)- contains all or most of the genetic material
cytoplasm- everything found within the plasma membrane
ribosomes- to manufacture proteins
flagellum- used for cell movement
(no membrane bound nucleus)
Cell structure and function: Eukaryote -✓Endoplasmic reticulum- a network of membranous tubules
within the cytoplasm, involved in protein and lipid synthesis
Nucleus- contains the majority of the cells genetic material
Cytoplasm- includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.
Cytoskeleton- gives shape and coherence, network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes- to manufacture protein
Mitochondria- takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell
Lysosomes- break down excess or worn out cell parts.
Golgi body- involved in secretion and intracellular transport
Mitosis -✓part of eukaryotic cell division during which the cell nucleus divides
1) Interphase O
2)Prophase (-)
3)Metaphase (/)
4)Anaphase ( < > )
5)Telophase ( )( )
6)Cytokinesis O O
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