Anatomy
Biological structure
Physiology
Cell, tissue, and organ function
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6 Ways to Show Appreciation for Your Child's Teacher
Right/left orientation
Left or right sides of the body ...
Anatomy
Biological structure
Physiology
Cell, tissue, and organ function
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Play
Next
Rewind 10 seconds
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Brainpower
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Right/left orientation
Left or right sides of the body which is reversed if you are looking at someone head on.
Left shoulder is left compared to the right shoulder.
Inferior/Superior orientation
Superior is up and inferior is down
Rostral/Caudal
Rostral means to the head and caudal means toward the tail
Anterior/Posterior or Ventral/Dorsal
Anterior is front and posterior is back
Medial/Lateral
Medial means toward midline and lateral is away from midline
Proximal/Distal
Proximal is up on an appendage an and distal is down on an appendage
Superficial/Deep
Superficial is toward the skin and deep is away from the skin
Lungs are what compared to shoulders?
Medial
The elbow is what compared to the hand?
, Proximal
Anatomic planes
Coronal, transverse, midsagittal
Coronal (frontal)
Divides body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
Transverse (horizontal)
Divides body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
Midsagittal (median)
Divides body into equal right and left halves
What plane is an x-ray of a head facing the side in?
Sagittal
What plane is an x-ray of a head from the top in?
Transverse
Homeostasis
A state and maintenance of balance in which internal conditions vary within a narrow
range
What conditions does homeostasis allow organisms to survive through?
Diverse environments
Homeostatic control systems definition
Mechanisms monitor the internal environment and correct as needed
Local control
Isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts locally
Reflex control
Long distance signaling typically involving endocrine (hormonal) or neural responses
Homeostatic control system process major components
Input signal -> integrating center -> output signal
Full response loop
Begins with stimulus -> sensor -> input signal -> integration center -> output signal ->
Target/effector -> Response and then goes back to stimulus
Integrator function
Control center which possess a set point within a normal range. Looks for error signal in
input. It responds to correct error by targeting effector and turn it on or off.
Fever
Thermostat in brain (hypothalamus) increases the set-point for core body temperature
Acclimatization
Acclimating to environmental temperature, altitude, etc. increases red blood cell count
with integrator being the kidney which filters blood
Feedback
Output system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output
Negative feedback loops
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