Advanced Pathophysiology Questions and Correct Answers
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Course
Advanced Pathophysiology
Institution
Advanced Pathophysiology
anic disorder may involve the GABA-benzodiazepine receptor system because
~~~ BZ increases the GABA ion channel response to GABA, thereby
elevating chloride ion influx and producing a neuronal inhibitory effect
major parts of brain involved in PTSD
~~~ amygdala and prefrontal cortex
what pr...
Advanced Pathophysiology Questions
and Correct Answers
systems involved in acute confusional state
✓ ~~~ reticular activating system of upper brain stem to the thalamus, basal
ganglion, cortex, and limbic areas
Patho of acute confusional state
✓ ~~~ inflammatory cytokines alter BBB, cause oxidative stress. neuronal
metabolism and synaptic transmission are altered in metabolic disorders.
early onset alzheimers genetics
✓ ~~~ 3 genes with mutation on chromosome 21
late onset alzheimers genetics
✓ ~~~ apolipoprotein E gene- allele 4 on chromosome 19
Patho of Alzheimer's
✓ ~~~ B-amyloid protein accumulates in plaques beginning in small clusters
followed by formation into chains and then into fibers organized as beta
sheets.
As plaque development progresses, brain cell-to-cell communication becomes
disrupted.
Immune cells become activated, destroying & ingesting injured cells
what type of med is used for mild alzheimers
✓ ~~~ cholinesterase inhibitors
what causes neurons to be hyperexcitable in epilepsy
✓ ~~~ hyperthermia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia
oxygen in epilepsy
✓ ~~~ consumed at a high rate and rapidly depleted
glucose in epilepsy
✓ ~~~ rapidly depleted
what causes the tonic phase of seizures
✓ ~~~ excitation of subcortical, thalamus, and brain stem areas
what causes the clonic phase of seizures
✓ ~~~ inhibitory neurons in cortex, anterior thalamus, and basal ganglia react to
cortical excitation
alzhemiers and acetylcholine
✓ ~~~ decrease in the number of acetylcholine-secreting neurons
, myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine
✓ ~~~ autoimmune response to acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic
terminal.
norepinephrine in the PNS
✓ ~~~ Sympathetic nerve transmission
Serotonin in Schizophrenia
✓ ~~~ elevated
parkinsons and dopamine
✓ ~~~ destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons
GABA effect
✓ ~~~ Majority of postsynaptic inhibition in the brain
glycine effect
✓ ~~~ Most postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
glutamate and aspartate
✓ ~~~ excitatory neurotransmitters in brain and spinal cord
Morphine and heroin bind to endorphin and enkephalin receptors on presynaptic
neurons and reduce pain by
✓ ~~~ blocking the release of neurotransmitter
Substance P
✓ ~~~ neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission pathways
what percent of cardiac output does the brain receive
✓ ~~~ 15-20%
Reticulating Activating System
✓ ~~~ This system regulates sleep and arousal. Headquarters are located in
the midbrain, nuclei are in the pons.
The limbic system mediates
✓ ~~~ emotion and long-term memory through connections in the prefrontal
cortex (limbic cortex)
The thalamus also serves as a relay center for
✓ ~~~ information from the basal ganglia and cerebellum to the appropriate
motor area
hypothalamus function
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