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PSY 252 FINAL EXAM (224) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

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PSY 252 FINAL EXAM (224) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS...

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  • August 15, 2024
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  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • PSY 252
  • PSY 252
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PSY 252 FINAL EXAM (224) QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS


Scientific approach - ANSWER Intuition and common sense

Placebo - ANSWER formerly considered an obstruction to data, now is understood
that the anchor motivates your brain to act a certain way.

Hindsight Bias - ANSWER "I knew it all along"

Bias Circle - ANSWER Epistemology, interpretation of theory, operationalization,
design-task-structure, sample, study executive & conduct, data collection, data
recording, analysis, interpretation, report

Cognitive neuroscience - ANSWER Study of neural mechanisms underlying
cognition

EEG (electroencephalogram) - ANSWER Use surface electrodes to record the
activity of underlying brain tissue

ERP (event-related potential) - ANSWER Averaging across related stimuli, allows
event-related activity to be identified. Similar to EEG but related to an event
(decision-making, etc)

Components of ERP - ANSWER Usually labelled by polarity and latency, P300,
P3

PET scan - ANSWER Positron emission tomography. Radioactive glucose (sugar)
is used to see what parts of the brain are using energy

MRI - ANSWER Studies brain anatomy. Internal structures using magnetism, radio
waves and a computer. Images and resolution VERY detailed

fMRI - ANSWER Functional MRI, studies brain function, regional changes in
bloodflow. O2 concentration changes. Spacial resolution increased, temporal
resolution decreased

Regions of color show increased blood flow to specific areas of the brain (showing

,more activity)

Lesion studies - ANSWER Experimental vs "experiments of nature"

Don't test on humans, animals are used

Transcranial magnetic stimulation - ANSWER 1. Temp "lesion" (disruption)

2. Vary magnetic field - electrical current within any volume where it passes.
Hyper or Hypo

Genotype - ANSWER Full set of all genes

Phenotype - ANSWER Appearance of having a gene. Interaction used

Alleles - ANSWER Different forms of a trait that a gene may have

Pedigree - ANSWER family trees

Genetic mutation - ANSWER Posi/neg/neutral effects. Gene is malfunctioning

Polygenic inheritance - ANSWER A group of gene pairs acts together to produce a
trait

Multiplier effect - ANSWER Indirect, mood/temper tamtrums

Genes - small increase in some activity - becomes magnified

Evolutionary psychology - ANSWER Evolution of bx and the brain.

Natural selection - ANSWER Traits increase reproduction and survival

Behavioral genetics - ANSWER Relative power and limits of genetic and
environmental influences on bx

Neurodevelopment - ANSWER Prenatal & early childhood crucial. Brain
architecture is a bottom-up sequence - higher capacities are difficult without lower
capacities.

How many brain cells are we born with? - ANSWER 100,000,000,000. Most
potential for synaptic connections as a fetus - 15,000 for each cell

Cortical specificity - ANSWER differentiation due to environment - or are infants
born with domain-specific modules?

, Adolescent neurodevelopment - ANSWER Frontal lobes not fully developed until
mid 20s.

Prefrontal cortex responsible for cognition, decision making, thinking about
consequences, etc

Temporal lobes mature around 18-19. Limbic system regulates motivation

Late adulthood changes - ANSWER Inductive reasoning, spatial orientation, and
perceptual speed slowly decline with age

What is the Nun study? - ANSWER Less stress correlated to less likeliness of
alzheimers. Symptoms: some brains in postmortem autopsy clearly had physical
traits of A.D. but no antimortem signs.

Tourette syndrome - ANSWER Tics, usually diagnosed before 10. Symptoms
range from simple - complex



What genes have the highest probability of resulting in Tourette syndrome? -
ANSWER Your last 3 genes, 70% probability



Basal ganglia - ANSWER Thalamus, prefontal cortex.



Parkinson's disease - ANSWER Rare <30 years old. 4.6 million affected ww.
Movement, tremors, degeneration of neurons in the substantia nigra. Dopamine rich
part of the brain. Discovered 1817 by Dr. James Parkinson



How is PD treated? - ANSWER Deep brain stimulation (DBS), pacemaker,
stimulation - brain & "rebalance"



DBS - ANSWER Tiny electrodes surgically implanted in the brain and connected
via a subcutaneous wire to a neurostimulator (or 2) implanted under the skin near

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