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BIOLOGY 190 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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BIOLOGY 190 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
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BIOLOGY 190 FINAL EXAM STUDYGUIDE QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT
ANSWERS
Nucleotidesstructures-sans--monomerssofsnucleicsacids
everysnucleotidesconsistssofs3sparts:s5scarbonssugar,snegativelyschargedsphosphatesgrou
p,snitrogenoussbase
Nucleicsacids-sans--includessDNAsandsRNA
polymersconsistingsofsmanysnucleotidesmonomers
twosstrandssheldstogethersbyshydrogensbonds
DNAs-sans--
doublesstrandedshelicalsnucleicsacidsmoleculesconsistingsofsnucleotidesmonomersswithsde
oxyribosessugarsandsnitrogenoussbasessA,sT,sC,sGs
providessdirectionssforsitssownsreplication
sugarsphosphatesbackbone
5'sendsissphosphatesonscarbons5sands3'sissattachedstosOHsgroupsonscarbons3
RNAs-sans--usedsforsproteinssynthesis
UsinsteadsofsT
Ribosessugar
muchsdifferentsplacesthansDNA
singlestranded
riboseshassansextrasoxygensandsissverysreactivesandslesssstablesthansDNA
DNAsreplications-sans--
1sparentalsmoleculesyieldss2sidenticalsdaughtersDNAsmoleculess(semiconservative)
strandssassembledsfromsfreefloatingsnucleotidessandsaddedsusingsenzymes
DNAshelicasesuntwistssDNAsandsmakessbubbles
DNAspolymerasescatalyzessnucleotidesformationsofsdaughtersstrandsandsproofreads
DNAsligasesconnectssgrowingsstrand
leadingsstrandsisscontinuoussandslaggingsissnotsbecausesDNAsissantiparallel
CentralsDogmas-sans--
DNAsisstranscribedsintosRNAsmovesstosnucleussRNAsisstranslatedsintosproteins
Transcriptions-sans--synthesissonsRNAsundersthesdirectionsofsDNA
DNAstosmRNA
insnucleus
DNAsgetssuntwistedsandsseparatedsbutsonlysonesstrandsisstranscribeds(templatesstrand)
hydrogensbondssformsbetweenstemplatesstrandsandsmRNA
, Initiation-sbindsstospromoterssequencesofsRNAsandsbeginsssynthesis
Elongation-sRNAsstrandspeelssawaysandsnucleotidessaresaddedstosRNA
Termination-severythingsseparatess(DNA,RNA,sRNAspolymerase)
promotersDNA'smatureswhenshasssmallsGscapsandspolyAstailsandsintronssoutsandsexonsss
plicedstogether
Translations-sans--thessynthesissofsproteinsundersthesdirectionsofsRNA
mRNAstosprotein
ribosomessareswheresitstakessplace
codonss(startsAUGsandsstopsUGA)sandseachsspecifiessforsasprotein
tRNA-stRNAsissinterpretersthatshelpssanticodonssmatchswithscodons
ribosomeshavesbothssmallsandslargessubunitssandstheysbringsmRNAsandstRNAsclosessosth
eyscansbond.
Initiation-sstartscodonsattachesstossmallsunitsandstheslargessubunitsadds
Elongation-
scodonsrecognitionsbetweenscodonsandsanticodon,speptidesbondsformation,stranslocations
PssitestRNAsleavessribosomesandsribosomestranslocatesstRNAsinsAssitestosPssite
termination-sstopscodons-sreleasesfactorsbindsstosstopscodonssignalingsthesend
mRNAsprocessings-sans--PolysAstail,ssmallsGscap,sintronssout,sexonsssplicing
Mutationss-sans--permanentschangesinsbasessequencesofsDNAswithinsasgene.
Nucleotidesbasessubstitutionssonlysonesletterschange
Silentsmutation:sNosconsequences
MissensesMutation:saffectssaminosacid
Nonsense:saffectssaminosacidsbysmakingsitsasstopscodons(alwayssbad)
Frameshiftsmutation-sinsertionsorsdeletion-
sshiftssreadingsframe.sCansbessilent,smissense,sorsnonsense
Lacsoperons-sans--
Promoter,soperator,s3slactosesgenes,srepressor.sWhenslactosesissabsent-
srepressorsbindsstosoperatorsandslactosesdoessnotsgetsmade.
Whenslactosesissthere-sinactivesrepressorsandsRNAspolymerasesbindsstospromotersand
makessenzymessthatshelp
Molecules-sans--heldstogethersbyscovalentsbondss
covalentsbonds-sthesstrongestsbond,s2satomsssharesonesorsmorespairssofselectrons
Non-polars-sans--Atomssexertsansequalspullsonstheselectrons
theselectronssaressharedsequallys
(hydrophobic)
Polars-sans--unequalssharingsofselectrons
negativelyschargesselectronssgetspulledscloserstosthesmoreselectronegativesatomsandsitsm
akessthesatomspartiallysnegativesandsthesothersatomspartiallyspositives
(prettysmuchsanythingswithsoxygen)s
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