Exam (elaborations)
CSOWM - VITAMINS AND MINERALS EXAM
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CSOWM - VITAMINS AND MINERALS EXAMSymptoms of vitamin D insufficiency include sadness, muscle soreness,
involuntary muscle movements, and osteoporosis.
S/S of Calcium Deficiency - Answer Low bone density, osteoporosis, muscle
contractions, spasms, pain.
Symptoms of magnesium shortage include muscle contractions, discomfort,
spasms, and osteoporosis.
Micronutrients to consider for bone health - ANSWER Vitamin D, calcium, and
magnesium
Micronutrients to Consider for Anaemia - ANSWER Iron, B-12, folic acid, zinc,
and copper
S/s iron insufficiency - answer Fatigue, reduced productivity, spoon-shaped nails or
vertical ridges, glossitis
S/s B12 insufficiency - answer Numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes,
glossitis, weariness, sadness, dementia, gait ataxia
S/s folic acid insufficiency - answer Palpitations, tiredness, neural tube
abnormalities, and skin pigmentation alterations.
Symptoms of zinc insufficiency - Answer Skin lesions, poor wound healing, hair
loss, and taste alterations.
, S/s of copper insufficiency - answer Unsteady walk, tingling hands/feet, and slow
wound healing. paralysis
S/s vitamin A deficiency - answer Loss of nighttime vision, itching, dry hair,
xerophthalmia, reduced immunity/poor wound healing.
S/s Vitamin K insufficiency - ANSWER: Easy bruising
S/s vitamin E insufficiency - answer Hyporeflexia or weakness, gait ataxia.
Dry Beriberi - ANSWER Thiamine deficiency; convulsions, muscle weakness,
discomfort in lower/upper extremities, rapid tendon reflexes.
Wet Beriberi - ANSWER Thiamine deficit; tachycardia or bradycardia, lactic
acidosis, dyspnoea, neurological: Confusion, ataxia, and paralysis
Thiamine deficiency causes ophthalmoplegia, ataxia, disorientation, hallucinations,
and psychosis in Wernicke encephalopathy.
How to Replete Iron: ANSWER 150-200 mg of elemental iron daily to 300 mg
BID-TID daily. Oral supplementation should be taken in divided dosages
separately from calcium supplements, acid-reducing drugs, and meals rich in
phytates or polyphenols.
What happens if iron deficiency does not react to oral therapy? - ANSWER An
intravenous iron infusion should be delivered.
Iron deficiency signs - answer Iron < 50 micrograms/dL, TIBC > 450
micrograms/dL, and ferritin < 20 micrograms/L (low H/H, low MCV, and low
TSAT).
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