his document offers a thorough summary of all key concepts covered in Grade 12 Chemistry, providing a valuable resource for students to review and consolidate their understanding of the curriculum. The summary includes:
Chemical Thermodynamics: Overview of the laws of thermodynamics, Gibbs free ...
Grade 12 Chemistry Review of All Concepts
1: Introduction to Chemistry and Review of Grade 11 Concepts
• Chemistry Overview: Study of matter, its properties, and interactions.
• Key Concepts from Grade 11:
o Atomic structure (protons, neutrons, electrons).
o Periodic Table trends (atomic radius, ionization energy, electronegativity).
o Chemical bonding (ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds).
o Stoichiometry (mole concept, balancing equations).
2: Structure and Properties of Matter
• Atomic Models:
o Bohr Model: Electron orbits, energy levels.
o Quantum Mechanical Model: Orbitals (s, p, d, f), electron configuration.
• Periodic Table:
o Trends: Atomic size, ionization energy, electronegativity.
o Groups: Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases.
• Chemical Bonding:
o Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons, formation of ions.
o Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons, molecular compounds.
o Metallic Bonds: Delocalized electrons, properties of metals.
3: Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
• Types of Chemical Reactions:
o Synthesis: A + B → AB.
o Decomposition: AB → A + B.
o Single Displacement: A + BC → AC + B.
, o Double Displacement: AB + CD → AD + CB.
o Combustion: Hydrocarbon + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O.
• Stoichiometry:
o Mole Concept: Avogadro’s number, molar mass.
o Balancing Equations: Conservation of mass.
o Calculations: Moles, mass, volume, and particles.
4: Gases and Gas Laws
• Properties of Gases:
o Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle motion, gas properties.
o Ideal Gas vs. Real Gas: Assumptions, deviations.
• Gas Laws:
o Boyle’s Law: P₁V₁ = P₂V₂ (Pressure-Volume).
o Charles’s Law: V₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂ (Volume-Temperature).
o Avogadro’s Law: V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂ (Volume-Moles).
o Ideal Gas Law: PV = nRT.
• Applications:
o Partial Pressures: Dalton’s Law.
o Gas Stoichiometry: Using gas laws in chemical reactions.
5: Thermochemistry
• Energy and Enthalpy:
o Types of Energy: Kinetic, potential, chemical.
o Enthalpy (ΔH): Heat change at constant pressure.
• Thermochemical Equations:
o Exothermic Reactions: Release energy (ΔH < 0).
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