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Patho Final (module I-III) Test With Accurate Answers
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Patho Final (module I-III) Test WithAccurate Answers
Cellular metabolism
Phases - Answer - Phase 1: digestion
- Phase 2: glycolysis (with or without oxygen)
Phase 3: Citric Acid Cycle/Phosphorylation
Which phases require O2? - Answer - Phase 3
REMEMBER glycolysis is an - Answer Anaerobic process.
What are the end products of cellular aerobic and anaerobic metabolism? - Answer
-Aerobic: CO2, H2O, 30-38 ATP, Heat
-Anaerobic: 2 ATP, H+, pyruvic acid
Cell Injury - Most common cause? - Answer - Hypoxia due to lack of oxygen
Mechanisms of cell injury in hypoxia - What happens inside the cell? - Answer - Lack of
oxygen = lack of ATP production which causes Na+, K+ pumps to not work causing
cellular swelling and anerobic metabolism to take place causing increase in acid killing
the cell
Why does sodium accumulate in a hypoxic cell? - Answer - cause Na+, K+ pumps to not
work causing cellular swelling and anerobic metabolism to take place causing increase
in acid killing the cell
Adaptive changes in cells:
Atrophy- - Answer Decrease in cell size.
Adaptive changes in cells: Hypertrophy - Answer Increase in cell size
Adaptive changes in cells: Hyperplasia- - Answer Increase number of cells
Adaptive changes in cells: Metaplasia- - Answer Occurs when one mature cell type is
replaced by another mature cell type.
Adaptive changes in cells: Dysplasia- - Answer Cell tissue varies in size, shape, and
organization of cells.
Cell Death:
Necrosis-
, Apoptosis- Programed cell death (cell suicide) - Answer Unregulated death caused by
injury to cells.
Cell Death: Apoptosis- - Answer Programed cell death (cell suicide)
How do cells become cancerous? - Answer - Cells become cancerous after mutations
accumulate in the various genes that control cell proliferation.
What are telomeres?
How do they play a role in cancer development? - Answer - A region of repetitive DNA at
ends of chromosomes
- Telomerase functions by adding bases to the ends of the telomers because of this
telomerase activity these cells tend to possess a kind of immortality.
What is angiogenesis? - Answer The ability to form new blood vessels from preexisting
vessels.
Define metastasis. What is the most common route? - Answer - The development of
secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary sight of cancer
- occurs by way of the lymph channels (lymphatic spread) and the blood vessels
(hematogenic spread)
What is the difference between grading and staging a tumor? - Answer - Grading:
cellular differentiation on microscopic level
- Staging: progression or spread
What is the TNM tumor classification system? - Answer - T - size of tumor
- N - Nodule involvement
- M- Metastases
Define cachexia. - Answer - (aka wasting syndrome) loss of body fat and lean body mass
with profound weakness, anorexia, and anemia.
Define paraneoplastic syndrome. - Answer - a group of rare disorders that are triggered
by an abnormal immune system response to a cancerous tumor known as a "neoplasm."
Define
Homozygous- - Answer Having two or both alleles alike (BB) (bb)
Define Heterozygous- - Answer When alleles are two different genes. (Bb)
Mother alleles - top
Fathers' alleles - bottom
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