Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body correct answers - carnosine (B-alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-availa...
CISSN Exam Review
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body correct answers - carnosine (B-
alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy
dependent reaction cartelized by carnosine synthetase
-found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
-available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
- antioxidant activity (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
- suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
- regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
- primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating
from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of
force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? correct
answers - a highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by
the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this
claim.
-has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to remain,
increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle
function? correct answers Vitamin D
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors? correct answers Gluconeogenesis relies upon lactate, pyruvate, glycerol (a
catabolic product of triglycerols) and certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine)
What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? correct
answers Results suggest that moderate consumption of both caffeinated and
decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of type II diabetes in younger and middle-aged
women. Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type II
diabetes
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? correct answers -
The major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation
attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery
from exercise-induced muscle injury
- The current study demonstrates that whey protein is a partially hydrolyzed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate
of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in
particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training
,When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running? correct answers fat (oxidation)
How many extra kcal are required for accumulation of 1 kg of body fat? correct answers
approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance?
correct answers decrease thermoregulation and performance
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion
and dehydration stress? correct answers Results demonstrate that AG
supplementation provided a significant ergogenic benefit by increasing time to
exhaustion during a mild hydration stress. This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by
an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity? correct
answers Decreased glycogen synthesis, decreased performance,
overreaching/overtraining
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? correct answers Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks?
correct answers - Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine
metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the
clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic
substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance of
athletes during a training period
-already a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in
muscle mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes
What is a BOD-POD? correct answers a body composition recording device that uses
air displacement plethysmography
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does
one fuel source predominate over the other? correct answers -Fat oxidation primarily
occurs at low intensity long duration exercise
-Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? correct
answers -betaine supplementation may positively affect exercise performance through
favorable lactate and preferential fatty acid substrate metabolism
- has been down to increase power, force, and maintenance
, Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? correct
answers - increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
-greater increase in Type II muscle fibers
-shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle? correct answers -
increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria, increase in
enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
---------succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase (krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid
cycle)
What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure?
correct answers resting metabolic rate
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system?
correct answers short, high intensity sports (sprinting, power lifting, high jump, long
jump)
What dose of creatine, after creatine loading, will maintain elevated creatine levels for
28 days? correct answers A typical creatine supplementation protocol of either a
loading phase of 20 to 25 g CM/d or 0.3 CM/kg/d split into 4 to 5 daily intakes of 5
grams each have been recommended to quickly saturate creatine stores in the skeletal
muscle. However, a more moderate protocol where several smaller doses of creatine
are ingested along the day (20 intakes of 1 g every 30 min) could be a better approach
to et a maximal saturation of the intramuscular creatine store. In order to keep the
maximal saturation of body creatine, the loading phase must be followed by a
maintenance period of 3-5 g CM/d or 0.03 g CM/kg/d
What role do vitamins play in metabolism? correct answers Vitamins are the building
blocks/precursors to cell parts and enzymes involved in substrate metabolism
Where does most of the energy for ATP phosphorylation come from? correct answers
from the energy in the chemical bonds of the food we ingest
What does pre-exercise ingestion of glycerol do? correct answers -hyperhydration or
water retention
-plasma volume INCREASES
-exercising HR is reduced
-improved performance time
What is the glycose-alanine cycle? correct answers during exercise, pyruvate is formed
from the breakdown of glycogen and glucose. Within the muscle BCAA's donate their
amino group to pyruvate to form alanine. Alanine is transported to the liver where it is
used to regenerate glucose. Glucose can then be transported back to skeletal muscle to
be used for energy. Thus, BCAA's (especially leucine) help reform glucose during
fasting and prolonged exercise.
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