Atmosphere, surface, and subsurface.
-Water has a short residence in the atmosphere that is
only about 10 days.
3 main components of the
• Water has a longer residence time in deep-ocean
water cycle
circulation, groundwater, and
glacial ice, where it acts to moderate temperature and
climatic changes.
Adiabatic Cooling: cooling of a parcel of air with rising
Adiabatic Cooling and altitude
Warming Adiabatic Warming: warming of a parcel of air with
decreasing altitude
Refers to atmospheric heating or cooling of a parcel of
Adiabatic Processes air that results from a change in pressure, without the
exchange of heat with the surroundings
Forms when air from one place migrates to another
Advection fog
place where the conditions are right for saturation.
Once the fourth largest lake in the world, the Aral Sea is
now almost completely dried up due to water diversions
Aral Sea Disaster
by the soviets in the 1960's in order to irrigate the
surrounding desert.
• Over the past 800,000 years, atmospheric CO2
Atmospheric C02 concentrations have been below 300 ppm until the late
(Historically and current 1950s.
patterns) Since the Industrial Revolution C02 levels have not
stopped increasing.
, The rise in CO2 emissions have corresponded to the
growth of fossil fuel consumption by industry, as well as
Atmospheric CO2
the energy needs of a rapidly growing world population
(Anthrpogenic sources)
Industry, transportation, heat and electricity production,
buildings, agriculture, forestry.
The processes through which masses of air are lifted
Atmospheric lifting leading to adiabatic cooling to the dew-point
mechanisms temperature potentially leading to cloud formation and
precipitation.
The collective pattern of weather over
Climate
many years.
Shows monthly temperature and precipitation for a
Climograph
representative weather station at a selected city.
Formed when an advancing cold air mass, which is
denser, advances and uplifts a warmer air mass leading
to adiabatic cooling and potential instability
• An approaching cold front is marked by shifting winds,
dropping temperatures, and
a drop in barometric pressure as the warm air is uplifted
along the front's leading
Cold front edge
• Cumulonimbus clouds, heavy precipitation are
associated with cold fronts
• A squall line (zone of fast moving high winds and bands
of storms along or slightly
ahead of a front) may form along a cold front. Squall
lines may be hundreds of miles
long but are usually 10-20 miles wide.
Occurs when surface heating causes lifting and
convection in an air mass/parcel. If
conditions are unstable the body of air continues to rise
Convectional lifting
and clouds can develop.
• Sources of heat include: warm land surfaces, urban
heat islands.
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