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Class notes Physics

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Chapter 1: Electric Charges and Fields (Physics, Class 12) This chapter covers the fundamental concepts of electric charges, their properties, and the forces between them, explained through Coulomb's law. It introduces the concept of electric fields, field lines, and electric dipoles. The chapte...

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  • August 16, 2024
  • 2
  • 2023/2024
  • Class notes
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  • cbseclass12
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Chapter 1: Electric Charges and the Fields (Extremely Brief
Notes) For revision.


Electric Charge: Fundamental property; quantized; ( q = n \times e )
(where ( e = 1.6 \times 10^{-19} ) C).

Coulomb’s Law: Force between two charges ( F = k \cdot \frac{q_1 q_2}
{r^2 ).

Electric Field (E): Force per unit charge, ( E = k \cdot \frac{q}{r^2} );
direction given by field lines.



Electric Dipole:

Dipole Moment (( \vec{p} )): ( p = q * d).

Field on Axial Line: ( E_{axial} = {2kp}/{r^3}).

Field on Equatorial Line: ( E_{equatorial} = {-kp}/{r^3}).



Gauss’s Law: Electric flux ( Φ_E = {q_enc}/{ε_0}).



Applications of Gauss’s Law:

For Infinite Line Charge: ( E= {\lambda}/({2πε_0 r})).

For Infinite Plane Sheet: (E= {\sigma}/({2ε_0})).

Spherical Shell:

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