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PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM
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PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM
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PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAMnonessential physiological processes shut down (i.e. digestion & reproduction), energy
is channeled into a host of functions preparing for rapid action. - Answers -When a
person or animal confronts actual (or perceived) danger situations, what neurochemical
and hormonal reactions start to occur?
cortex, amygdala - Answers -Stressful events are perceived at the __________,
processed at the _______, which then activates lower brain areas & puts the limbic
system on alert
norepinephrine - Answers -when there is imminent danger, a burst of excitation
originates from the locus coeruleus which releases _____________, which results in
instantaneous hypervigilance.
limbic system and hypothalamus by activating the SNS, HTA, or HPA - Answers -what
is responsible for the release of stress hormones?
chloride - Answers -_________ ions act as a brake and dampen the limbic alert
benzodiazepines - Answers -________ enhance the flow of negative (chloride) ions
which results in widespread calming in may areas of the brain
serotonin - Answers -excitability in the locus coerulues is also mediated by _______
inhibitory - Answers -in the Locus Coeruleus, serotonin is ____________.
activation - Answers -A decrease in serotonin may impact the locus coeruleus by
making it more disinhibited and more sensitive to ___________.
amygdala - Answers -Acquired fears appear to be mediated primarily by the
___________.
encodes - Answers -After very frightening events, the amygdala ________ certain
stimulus events of the experience. These memories are highly resistant to extinction.
serotonin - Answers -There is speculation that _______ many play a role in inhibiting
cellular reactivity in the amygdala
benzodiazepines, atypical antianxiety (buspirone), SNRIs and SSRIs, andn gabapentin -
Answers -What are four medication options for treating GAD?
dependence/substance abuse - Answers -Benzodiazepines can be used to treat severe
cases of GAD, but should not be used if the patient is at risk for ___________
, Buspirone - Answers -_______ reduces worry and rumination seen in GAD, but it is not
addictive
gabapentin - Answers -This antiseizure medication is primarily used to treat anxiety in
bipolar disorder
psychotropic medications - Answers -Specific phobias are generally not treated with
__________________.
beta-blockers - Answers -what is effective at reducing anxiety surrounding public
speaking?
SSRIs, SNRIs, or MAOIs - Answers -Pervasive forms social anxiety (and avoidant
personality disorder) may be treated with what three medications?
panic disorder - Answers -____________ is the anxiety disorder for which medication
treatment plays its most important role
benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and MAO inhibitors - Answers -What three
medication classes generally treat panic?
70% - Answers -______ of patients have return of panic symptoms if medication is
stopped
GAD, specific phobia, social phobia, agoraphobia without panic - Answers -What four
anxiety disorders are generally NOT treated with medication unless they are severe or
fail to respond to psychotherapy.
anxiety associated with acute stress, neurotic anxiety - Answers -Psychotherapy is the
treatment of choice for what two anxiety disorders?
basal ganglia - Answers -diseases such as encephalitis that selectively damage areas
of the __________ have been shown to result in OCD symptoms.
SSRIs - Answers -A large number of clinical studies suggest that OCD can be treated
with ________.
serotonin - Answers -Antidepressants that do not affect _________ are not effective in
treating OCD
SSRI - Answers -There appears to be an increase in metabolic activity in the prefrontal
cortex and basal ganglia for people with OCD. However, this abnormal metabolic
activity is normalized with patients are treated with an ______.
frontal cortex - Answers -One theory is that the ___________ works to inhibit the
emergence of primitive instinctual urges, but this does not work in OCD.
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