BIO 169 Exam 2 prep (Answered) 157 Questions and Correct
Answers With Complete Verified Solution (download to score A+)
100% Correct, Updated 2024/2025.
Functions of the Circulatory system
liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix
-plasma (matrix of blood)
-formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
Leukoctyes are also known as
White blood cells
Erythroctyes are also known as
Red blood cells
Neutrophil (granuloctye)
- most numerous type of leukocyte
-multilobed nuclei
- 60-70% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in bacterial infection
Eosinophil (granuloctye)
-fight paracytes
-bilobed nuclei
-2-4% of white blood cells
Basophil (granulocyte)
-bilobed nuclei, BUT their nuclei are often obscured by their dark granules
-.5-1% of white blood cells
- contains chemicals HISTAMINE (speeds blood flow)/ HEPERINE (promotes clotting)
- increased numbers in chicken pox, sinusitis, and diabetes
Lymphoctyes (agranules)
,-responsible for fighting diseases
-responsible for making memory cells
-T-cells, B-cells, NK Cells
-large sperical nuclei
- 25-30% of white blood cells
Monoctyes (agranules)
- have "U" shaped nuclei
-become macrophages after leaving the blood
2-8% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in viral infection and inflammation
Platelets
small cell fragments of megakaryocytes
involved in blood clotting
Albumin (plasma protein 1/3)
-formed by liver
-contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
-influences blood pressure , flow, and fluid balance
Globulin (plasma protein 2/3) (antibodies)
-formed by plasma cells (WBCs)
-provide immune system functions
Fibrinogen (plasma protein 3/3)
-formed by liver
-precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots
Electrolytes in blood plasma
Dissolved in blood plasma
- Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, K+
-O2, CO2, nitrogen
In a hematocrit measurment, list the components from heaviest to lightest
Erythrocytes (45% of blood), Buffy Coat (1% including WBCs and platelets), Plasma (55% of blood)
Hemopoiesis
, production of blood, especially it's formed elements
Where does hemopoiesis occur during the embryonic stage
yolk sac
Where does hemopoiesis occur during the fetal stage
liver and spleen
where does hemopoiesis occure during adult life
red bone marrow
Describe the roll of erythropoietin in erythrocyte production and
hemostasis and where it is released from
Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted from the kidneys & liver, and its purpose is to stimulate
'erythrocyte colony forming unit' to transform into a 'erythroblast'. Erythroblast multiply and synthesize
hemoglobin. When this is done the nucleus shrivels and leaves the cell, turning it into a 'reticulocyte'.
The reticuloctye leaves the bone marrow and after a day or two loses its last polyribosomes. It is now a
mature cell.
Functions of hemoglobin
Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulates blood pressure/blood flow
Heme Groups of Hb molecule
Binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+)
Globins of Hb molecule
-four protein chains
-2 alpha and 2 beta chains
-5% of CO2 is bound to globin
Hematocrit measurments in Men and Women
Men 42% to 52% cells
women 37% to 48% cells
life cycle of an erythrocyte, including how it is produced, how long
it circulates, and the steps taken the break down the different components of
the erythrocyte and where this break down occurs in the body
When old red blood cells rupture, the released hemoglobin is ingested by macrophages. the GLOBIN
chains of Hb are broken down into amino acids that are metabolized or used to create new proteins. Iron
is released from the HEME of Hb. The remaining structure is converted into 'biliverdin' then 'bilirubin'.
IRON is transferred by ' transferrin' to tissues for storage or red bone marrow for making new
hemoglobin.
Bilirubin is transported by 'albumin' to the liver. Liver cells make conjugated bilirubin which is excreted in
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller LectDan. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.