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BIO 169 Exam 2 prep (Answered) 157 Questions and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution (download to score A+) 100% Correct, Updated 2024/2025. $12.49
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BIO 169 Exam 2 prep (Answered) 157 Questions and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution (download to score A+) 100% Correct, Updated 2024/2025.
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BIO 169 Exam 2 prep (Answered) 157 Questions and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution (download to score A+) 100% Correct, Updated 2024/2025.

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  • August 16, 2024
  • 18
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
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  • bio 169 exam 2 prep answered 157 questions and c

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BIO 169 Exam 2 prep (Answered) 157 Questions and Correct
Answers With Complete Verified Solution (download to score A+)
100% Correct, Updated 2024/2025.
Functions of the Circulatory system

Transport - RBCs & plasma
Protection - WBC
Regulation - Plasma

Components of the Circulatory system

Heart, blood, blood vessels

Physical properties and components of blood

liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and extracellular matrix
-plasma (matrix of blood)
-formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, platelets.

Leukoctyes are also known as

White blood cells

Erythroctyes are also known as

Red blood cells

Neutrophil (granuloctye)

- most numerous type of leukocyte
-multilobed nuclei
- 60-70% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in bacterial infection

Eosinophil (granuloctye)

-fight paracytes
-bilobed nuclei
-2-4% of white blood cells

Basophil (granulocyte)

-bilobed nuclei, BUT their nuclei are often obscured by their dark granules
-.5-1% of white blood cells
- contains chemicals HISTAMINE (speeds blood flow)/ HEPERINE (promotes clotting)
- increased numbers in chicken pox, sinusitis, and diabetes

Lymphoctyes (agranules)

,-responsible for fighting diseases
-responsible for making memory cells
-T-cells, B-cells, NK Cells
-large sperical nuclei
- 25-30% of white blood cells

Monoctyes (agranules)

- have "U" shaped nuclei
-become macrophages after leaving the blood
2-8% of white blood cells
-increased numbers in viral infection and inflammation

Platelets

small cell fragments of megakaryocytes
involved in blood clotting

Albumin (plasma protein 1/3)

-formed by liver
-contributes to viscosity and osmolarity
-influences blood pressure , flow, and fluid balance

Globulin (plasma protein 2/3) (antibodies)

-formed by plasma cells (WBCs)
-provide immune system functions

Fibrinogen (plasma protein 3/3)

-formed by liver
-precursor of fibrin threads that help form blood clots

Nutrients in blood plasma

Glucose, vitamins, fat, cholesterol, phospholipids, minerals

Wastes in blood plasma

urea, uric acid, metabolic waste, pharmacological waste

Electrolytes in blood plasma
Dissolved in blood plasma

- Na+, Cl-, Ca2+, K+
-O2, CO2, nitrogen

In a hematocrit measurment, list the components from heaviest to lightest

Erythrocytes (45% of blood), Buffy Coat (1% including WBCs and platelets), Plasma (55% of blood)

Hemopoiesis

, production of blood, especially it's formed elements

Where does hemopoiesis occur during the embryonic stage

yolk sac

Where does hemopoiesis occur during the fetal stage

liver and spleen

where does hemopoiesis occure during adult life

red bone marrow

Describe the roll of erythropoietin in erythrocyte production and
hemostasis and where it is released from

Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted from the kidneys & liver, and its purpose is to stimulate
'erythrocyte colony forming unit' to transform into a 'erythroblast'. Erythroblast multiply and synthesize
hemoglobin. When this is done the nucleus shrivels and leaves the cell, turning it into a 'reticulocyte'.
The reticuloctye leaves the bone marrow and after a day or two loses its last polyribosomes. It is now a
mature cell.

Functions of hemoglobin

Transports oxygen and carbon dioxide, regulates blood pressure/blood flow

Heme Groups of Hb molecule

Binds O2 to ferrous ion (Fe2+)

Globins of Hb molecule

-four protein chains
-2 alpha and 2 beta chains
-5% of CO2 is bound to globin

Hematocrit measurments in Men and Women

Men 42% to 52% cells
women 37% to 48% cells

life cycle of an erythrocyte, including how it is produced, how long
it circulates, and the steps taken the break down the different components of
the erythrocyte and where this break down occurs in the body

When old red blood cells rupture, the released hemoglobin is ingested by macrophages. the GLOBIN
chains of Hb are broken down into amino acids that are metabolized or used to create new proteins. Iron
is released from the HEME of Hb. The remaining structure is converted into 'biliverdin' then 'bilirubin'.
IRON is transferred by ' transferrin' to tissues for storage or red bone marrow for making new
hemoglobin.
Bilirubin is transported by 'albumin' to the liver. Liver cells make conjugated bilirubin which is excreted in

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