Biology 114 Exam 1 Prep (Answered) 284 Questions
and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution.
100% Correct | Latest Update Fall 2024/2025.
Anything that has mass and takes up space
matter
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
Element
a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio (type of bond does
not matter)
compound
What percent of the 92 naturally occurring elements are essential to human life?
20-25%
nitrogen deficiency?
short corn plants
iodine deficiency?
goiter
smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
atom
How much smaller are electrons than p+ and n0?
2000 times smaller
nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy
unstable radioactive isotopes
electrons have ____ (what kind of energy)
potential energy
The more distant an electron is from the nucleus the ____ its potential energy
greater
1st shell max electrons?
2
,2nd shell max electrons?
8
3rd shell max electrons?
8
Electron shells are most stable when they are ____
full
electrons on the outermost electron shell
valence electrons (chemical behavior is determined by this)
Elements with a full valence shell are
nonreactive
How do chemical bonds form?
atoms with incomplete valence shells can share or transfer electrons with other atoms
Nonpolar covalent bonds
shared equally (ex. H2)
Polar covalent bonds
not shared equally (ex. H2O)
ionic bonds
bonds resulting from the loss or gain of electrons by bonded atoms (ex. NaCl) weaker than covalent
hydrogen bonds
weak bond formed between a hydrogen atom in a polar compound and an electronegative atom in
another polar compound
Vanderwaals force
very weak bonds resulting from impermanent shifting of charges because electrons are constantly
moving
molecule
consists of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes? (It's absorbed in our guts)
anemia
electronegativity
, an atom's attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond
What is electronegativity affected by?
atomic number and distance at which its valence electrons reside from the nucleus
Tell me about electronegativity and nonpolar covalent molecules
atoms are equally electronegative and share valence electrons equally
Tell me about electronegativity and polar covalent molecules
one atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share valence electrons equally
What does unequal sharing of electrons cause?
partial positive or negative charge for each atom
Tell me about loss and gain of electrons in ionic bonds and the attraction
the more electronegative atom strips a valence electron completely away from its partner; its an
attraction between a cation and an anion
Ion?
a charged atom (or molecule)
Ionic compounds are also known as
salts
Tell me about electronegativity and hydrogen bonds.
attraction between a hydrogen (partial +) in a polar compound and an electronegative atom (partial -) in
a second polar compound, in most living cells the counterparts are N and O
Tell me about the interactions with vanderwaal forces and give me 2 examples
dependent on how much surface one molecule exposes to its neighbors; example is vaseline sticking
together and geckos climb upside down, they are large nonpolar molecules
What does morphine bind to
endorphin receptors
study of the chemical processes in living organisms
Biochemistry
The structure of a water molecule is highly ___ because oxygen atoms have much higher
electronegativity than hydrogen atoms
polar covalent
In a water molecule, oxygen has a partial ____ charge and hydrogens have partial ____ charge
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