Biology 114 Exam 1 (Answered) 185
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Polymer
Long, linked by covalent bonds
Monomers
Building blocks of polymers
Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids
Which macromolecules are polymers
Enzymes
Macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions
Dehydration reactions
Monomers are connected through _________ _______ with the loss of a water molecule
Hydrolysis
Disassemble polymers
Carbohydrates
Include sugars and polymers of sugars
Monosaccharides
Have molecular formulas that are some multiple of unit Ch2O and are the simplest sugars
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
Glycosidic linkage
A covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by dehydration reactions
Maltose
Glucose + glucose
Sucrose
,Glucose + fructose
Lactose
Glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides
Macromolecules, polymers with many monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkages
Starch
Plants store, ________ a polymer of glucose monomers
Glycogen
Animals store, _______ a polymer of glucose; similar to amylopectin but more branched
Cellulose
A major component of the tough wall as that enclose plant cells and the most abundant organic
compound on Earth
Microfibrils
Strong building material for plants
Chitin
The carbohydrate used by Arthropoda to build their exoskeletons
Lipids
grouped together because they mix poorly with water which is based on their molecular structure
Fat
Constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol
An alcohol that has 3 carbons each with a hydroxyl group
Fatty acid
A long carbon skeleton (16 or 18 carbons)
Triacylglycerol
Consists of 3 fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
Saturated fatty acid
No double bonds
Unsaturated fatty acid
, One or more double bonds (cis formation)
Phospholipids
Similar to fat molecules but only have two fatty acids attached to a glycerol and a phosphate group
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton with 4 rings
Cholesterol
Type of steroid that is a crucial molecule in animals
Catalysts
Chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by it
Polypeptide
A polymer of amino acids
Protein
A biologically functional molecule made up of 1 or more polypeptides, each folded and coiled into a 3D
shape
Amino acid
An organic molecule with an amino group and carboxyl group
Peptide bond
When 2 amino acids are positioned correctly, the carboxyl group joins to the amino group with a water
molecule removed
Primary structure
The linear chain (sequence) of amino acids
Secondary structure
The region stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone
Alpha helix
A delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid
Beta pleated sheet
2 or more segments of polypeptide chain are connected by hydrogen bonds between 2 parallel segments
of the backbone
Tertiary structure
A 3D shape stabilized by interactions between side chains
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