Exam (elaborations)
NUR195 Final Exam Questions and Answers
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Exam of 19 pages for the course Nur195 at Nur195 (Accessory muscles)
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NUR195 Final Exam Questions andAnswers
The lungs are lined with
✓ ~~~ visceral pleura
the thorax is lined with
✓ ~~~ parietal pleura
pleurisy
✓ ~~~ inflammation of the parietal pleura that produces sharp chest pain with each breath
Accessory muscles
✓ ~~~ The secondary muscles of respiration which show the pts work of breathing.
includes the neck muscles (sternocleidomastoids), the chest pectoralis major muscles,
and the abdominal muscles.
what keeps aveoli expanded? -
✓ ~~~ surfactant - reduces surface tension and prevents collapse
Atalectasis
✓ ~~~ punctured pleura; lung collapses
caused by anesthesia, asthma, etc
can lead to pneumonia, respiratory. failure, etc
intervention for atelectasis
, ✓ ~~~ •Use of incentive Spirometry
•Prevention is KEY
•Early mobility
•Nebulizers to facilitate secretion movement
•Turn, cough, deep breathe
•Pain meds PRN to facilitate deep breathing exercises
ABCs
✓ ~~~ airway: upper respiratory tract
-natural or artificial airway
breathing: lower respiratory tract
-ventilation, diffusion, and perfusion
circulation: adequate BP and Hgb
restricted breathing from COPD, asthma, diaphragm/abdonminal pain results in a
decreased
✓ ~~~ tidal volume
ventilation
✓ ~~~ movement of air in and out of the lungs (to alveoli)
diffusion
, ✓ ~~~ Exchange of respiratory gases (CO2 and O2) in the alveoli and capillary
membranes
perfusion
✓ ~~~ supply of oxygen to, and removal of wastes from, cells and tissues by blood flow
through capillaries
Adequate gas exchange depends on
✓ ~~~ adequate ventilation-perfusion ratio
nose to larynx respiratory defense mechanisms
-effected by
✓ ~~~ upper respiratory membranes, nasal mucosa and cilia: filter, warm and humidify air
we breathe
tracheostomies bypass warmth and humidification--will need to provide
trachea to bronchioles respiratory defense mechanisms
-complicated by
✓ ~~~ cilia in their upward motion provides mucociliary clearance of foreign particles in the
airway (aka MCC escalator)
smoking complicates this and leads to emphysema/high secretion of mucous
cough reflex - respiratory defense mechanism
✓ ~~~ helps protect against aspiration and helps to clear secretions
diminishes over time with age
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