Written while I was studying for my chemistry A-level (achieved an A* with this), this document covers the entire AQA course including but not limited to organic mechanisms, shapes of molecules, formulas, reactions, definitions and colours of all (including aqueous and period 3) ions, has a list of...
, AQA A Level Chemistry - All Test-tube reactions (Inorganic and Organic)
Species: ion/ Test Positive Result Equation
Functional
Group
SO42– 1. Acidify White precipitate of SO42– (aq) + Ba2+ (aq) ⟶
with dilute BaSO4 BaSO4 (s)
HCl
2. Add BaCl
CO32– Add dilute HCl Effervescence 2 HCl + CO32–⟶ CO2(g) +
Gas produced turns H20(l) + 2Cl–
limewater cloudy
OH– Damp red litmus Turns from red to blue N/A
paper
Halide Cl– 1. Acidify White precipitate Ag+ (aq) + Cl– (aq) ⟶
ion with dilute dissolves in dilute NH3 AgCl(s)
HNO3 2. Add
Br– AgNO3 Cream precipitate Ag+ (aq) + I– (aq) ⟶ AgI(s)
3. (Add dilute dissolves in conc. NH3
NH3 (NOT with dilute)
followed
I– by conc. Yellow precipitate Ag+ (aq) + Br– (aq) ⟶
NH3) Insoluble in conc. NH3 AgBr (s)
Mg2+ In separate With OH–: white Mg2+ + 2NaOH ⟶
test-tubes: precipitate Mg(OH)2 + 2Na
• Add dilute With SO42–: No visible
NaOH change Mg2+ + SO42– ⟶ MgSO4
• Add dilute
H2SO4
Ca2+ Flame test Brick-red N/A
In separate With OH–: white Ca2+ + 2NaOH ⟶ Ca(OH)2
test-tubes: precipitate/ + 2Na
• Add dilute suspension
NaOH With SO42–: slight white Ca2+ + SO42– ⟶ CaSO4
• Add dilute precipitate
H2SO4
Sr2+ Flame Test Red N/A
2
, In separate With OH–: No visible Sr2+ + 2NaOH ⟶ Sr(OH)2
test-tubes: change + 2Na
• Add dilute With SO42–: white
NaOH precipitate Sr2+ + SO42– ⟶ SrSO4
• Add dilute
H2SO4
Ba2+ Flame Test Green N/A
In separate With OH–: No visible Ba2+ + 2NaOH ⟶ Ba(OH)2
test-tubes: change + 2Na
• Add dilute With SO42–: white
NaOH precipitate Ba2+ + SO42– ⟶ BaSO4
• Add dilute
H2SO4
NH4+ 1. Add NaOH Litmus paper will turn NaOH + NH4+ ⟶ Na+ +
2. Heat sample from red to blue. NH3 + H2O
3. Hold damp
red litmus
paper at
test tube
mouth
Cu2+ Add dilute NaOH Pale blue precipitate [Cu(H2O)6 ]2+ (aq) + 2OH–
Aqua ion (aq) ⟶ [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2]
[Cu(H2O)6] (s) + 2H2O (l)
2+
(pale
blue Add excess NaOH No visible change N/A
solution)
Add dilute NH3 Pale blue precipitate [Cu(H2O)6 ]2+ (aq) + 2NH3
(aq) ⟶ [Cu(H2O)4(OH)2]
(s) + 2NH4+
Add conc. NH3 Deep blue solution [Cu(OH)2 (H2O)4] + 4NH3
⟶ [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2 ]2+ +
2H2O + 2OH–
Add conc. HCl Green solution [Cu(H2O)6 ]2+ + 4Cl– ⟶
3
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