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Growth and Development Across the Lifespan 2nd, 3rd Edition Leifer Test Bank
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Growth and Development Across the Lifespan 2nd, 3rd Edition Leifer Test Bank
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Growth and Development Across the Lifespan 2nd, 3rd EditionLeifer Test Bank
Women between the ages of 15 and 44 are considered to be at the optimal age for ___ - ANSWER:
childbearing
___ is the term for the physical changes that occur in the size of human beings. - ANSWER: Growth
During growth, the trunk of the body and extremities get longer and heavier. Bones become denser,
and teeth erupt. Deciduous (baby) teeth appear first, then later fall out and are replaced by
permanent teeth.
____ refers to the increase in complexity of skills performed by a person. - ANSWER: Development
Development also refers to the behavioral aspect of growth and includes walking, talking, and
meeting psychological benchmarks.
___ is more difficult to measure than ___ - ANSWER: Development; growth
Growth occurs in an orderly and predictable pattern, progressing from the head downward. This is
referred to as a ___ - ANSWER: cephalocaudal pattern.
Growth also occurs from the center of the body outward. This is referred to as a ____ - ANSWER:
proximodistal pattern.
Many factors can influence growth and development. These factors can be loosely divided into: -
ANSWER: -biological and hereditary factors
-environmental factors
-social factors.
____ and ___ include the presence of physical or mental impairments that may delay or prevent a
person from completing developmental tasks or growth benchmarks. - ANSWER: Biological and
hereditary factors
Illnesses, whether genetic or due to other causes, also can delay progress through developmental
stages: - ANSWER: -An example of a physical impairment is a child who was born with cerebral palsy
who cannot walk.
-An example of a mental impairment is the child who experienced anoxia, or lack of oxygen, at birth
and suffers brain damage.
-An example of an illness that delays progress through developmental stages is the child born with a
heart valve disorder who cannot exert himself or herself physically until the valve has been replaced.
After that, the child quickly catches up with developmental expectations.
___ include nutritional concerns and exposure to pollution and chemicals. - ANSWER: Environmental
factors
Exposure to chemicals and heavy metals such as lead can affect the brain, leading to ___ - ANSWER:
developmental delays.
Pollution in the air can lead to ___ such as asthma, decreasing physical development because of the
inability to tolerate physical activity. - ANSWER: respiratory illnesses
Some children do not have nutritionally balanced food available to them, and this decreases their rate
of development and growth. An example of this is: - ANSWER: the child who is given only cow's milk
long after solid foods should have been introduced.
, ___ are varied but include expectations, violence and abuse, resources and support systems, and
parental influence. - ANSWER: Social factors
When infants are exposed to violence and abuse by caregivers, they are unable to develop healthy
trust in those they innately turn to for help. This then affects their ability to complete future
developmental tasks.
Because you will care for patients of all ages, it is important for you to know appropriate expectations
of - ANSWER: physical
psychosocial
cognitive
moral
spiritual development
____ refers to the physical size and functioning of a person. Influences on physical development
include genetics, nutrition, and function of the endocrine and central nervous systems - ANSWER:
Physical development
____ occurs throughout our lives in distinct stages, according to Erik Erikson, a psychoanalyst who
pioneered this area of study. - ANSWER: Psychosocial development
___ refers to how we learn. - ANSWER: Cognitive development
___ believed that cognitive development occurred from birth to adolescence in an orderly sequence
of four stages. - ANSWER: Piaget
___ is the ability to think at higher levels and develop a value system that differentiates right from
wrong. - ANSWER: Moral development
The theory of moral development was established by ____, an American psychologist. - ANSWER:
Lawrence Kohlberg
Lawrence Kohlberg acknowledged that not all people reach all stages of moral development.
All Lawrence Kohlbergs research was based on males. He studied 84 boys over a period of 20 years to
develop his theory. His theory is based on three categories: - ANSWER: Preconventional level: stages 1
and 2
Conventional level: stages 3 and 4
Postconventional level: stages 5 and 6
stages 1 and 2 - ANSWER: Preconventional level
stages 3 and 4 - ANSWER: Conventional level
stages 5 and 6 - ANSWER: Postconventional level
The ___ theory has been described by James Fowler, an American developmental psychologist. -
ANSWER: spiritual development
___ defines faith as a universal concern that is a process of developing trust. - ANSWER: James Fowler
Fowler developed his six stages of spiritual development using information from Piaget and Kohlberg
birth to 1 year of age - ANSWER: Infants
1 to 3 years of age - ANSWER: Toddlers
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