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COMD 5070 exam 1/83 Answered Questions
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COMD 5070 exam 1/83 AnsweredQuestions
4 features of the scientific method - -1) Science is empirical- we collect data
and interpret it (based on data)
2) Science is Deterministic - Things are not random. Because of cause and
effect, we can draw generalizations from the data that we have and
extrapolate
3) Science is predictive - if you do this, then that will happen.
4) Science is parsimonious - use the simplest explanation possible, try to
describe things in economical terms so we can understand it. Use the
simplest terms possible, but no simpler.
-Why do SLPs use technology - -1) Overcome listener bias - computer isn't
influenced by what it has heard before. It is a consistent, reliable measure.
2) Describe severity objectively - standardizes measures of speech
3) Track progress over time - helps demonstrate treatment efficacy
4) Helps to comply with ASHA's focus on EBP - provides hard data to
measure rather than just gut feelings about progress based on experience.
5) Biofeedback- computer display in real time - ex: visipitch shows
intonations on screen in real time, shows them progress as they speak,
better than playing back a recording.
-How can acoustics help? - -acoustics can tell us a lot about what is going
on that can't be seen. Acoustics is a way of using quantitative measures to to
describe a physical phenomenon, rather than relying on our human
impressions
-Frequency - -how frequently a waveform repeats. Measured in Hz (cycles
per second). Within the same window length, a higher frequency sound wave
will show more repetitions than a lower frequency sound wave
-simplest sound - -pure tone (sine wave)
-Pitch - -the subjective measure of frequency; you cannot measure pitch
with an instrument. You can have people match pitch perception to
frequencies.
-Intensity - -amplitude or size of a sound.Adjusting volume, is adjusting the
physical intensity of sound.
-Why use a logarithmic scale for intensity? - -This is necessary because the
highest amplitude sound we can perceive is 1 trillion times the softest sound
we can perceive (120 dB).
, -Loudness - -Perceptual characteristic of sound. Listener can judge
loudness, there is no equipment that can measure loudness. Human reaction
to the amplitude of a sound. Can be measured with a psycho-physical scale.
-Greatest sensitivity to loudness is between - -1,000 - 5,000 Hz, threshold is
much higher at very low or very high frequencies
-Why do audiometers use HL and not SPL? - -to compensate for known
differences in human hearing sensitivity.
-Equal loudness contours - -Created by presenting a known frequency
(1,000 Hz) and then other tones are played and the listener has to adjust the
loudness until it sounds the same as the 1,000 Hz tone
-In order to perceive low amplitude sounds at low frequency as the same
loudness as higher frequency sounds.... - -have to be adjusted up a lot for
them to be perceived as the same loudness as the original sound
-at high intensity, - -the sounds seem to be equal in loudness to intensity.
-general rule is that a 6-10 dB increase - -is generally perceived as double
as loud
-Frequency Difference limen - -smallest change in frequency that is
detectable by a listener. As frequency increases, the DL becomes much
greater
-Intensity Difference limen - -as intensity decreases, Dls become larger
-How does duration influence perception of loudness? - -The longer the
sound, the more audible it becomes. The more sound energy ( intensity or
frequency, the more audible it becomes) Kind of like baking a cake; increase
the temp, decrease the time to a certain point.
-When a fundamental is deleted: - -the brain compensates because in a
harmonic series, the frequencies are separated at even intervals and your
brain can fill in the missing portion. There is a qualitative difference but most
people perceive the notes as being the same as with the fundamental
frequency by filling in the missing fundamental.
-how many semitones in one octave - -12. each semitone is a non-linear
step in terms of # of Hz from one semitone to the next. However, they all
sound equal to us.
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