Test Bank - Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 11th, 12th and 13th Edition by VanPutte | All Chapters
Test Bank - Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 11th, 12th and 13th Edition by VanPutte | All Chapters
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Test Bank - Seeley's Anatomy and Physiology, 11th,
12th and 13th Edition by VanPutte | All Chapters
Function of the Endocrine System - ANSWER: Regulate body activity and responses to stimuli through
the use of hormones
What are the four types of chemical messengers - ANSWER: autocrine,
paracrine,
neurotransmitters,
Endocrine
Explain autocrine - ANSWER: chemical messenger that stimulate the cell that originally secreted it.
Example: White blood cells, stimulate own reproductions
explain paracrine - ANSWER: paracrine chmeical messengers, stimulate those around them, Exmmple
histamine and dvasodialation
Explain Neurotransmitters - ANSWER: secreted by neurons that activate adjacent tcell.
Explain endocrine chemical - ANSWER: secreted into the blood stream by certain glands and cells.
neuropeptide - ANSWER: hormones that are released from neurons., aka neurohormones. example:
oxytocin
The Endocrine System operates under the direction of the _____ System - ANSWER: Nervous
Effects of the Endocrine System are ____ than the effects of the Nervous System - ANSWER: slower,
nervous is seconds or milliseconds, endocrine can be weeks or days
What is a chemical produced in one area of an organism that is carried to another part of the
organism - ANSWER: Hormone
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine? - ANSWER: Exocrine glands have ducts that
carry their secretions to the outside of the body, or into a hollow organ. Ie: saliva, sweat, breast milk.
What is an amplitude modulated signal - ANSWER: Hormones and the response that they create can
be varied by amplitude. A large amount of hormone, creates a large response.
What is a binding protein and how does it work with hormones? - ANSWER: binds to hormones like a
chaperone so that the aqueous solution and enzymes don't degrade it. In the case of lipid soluble, the
binding protein makes it more soluble. Hormones only bind to their specific binding protein
When hormones dissociate from their binding proteins they are called - ANSWER: free hormones.
Some hormones are always free because they don't have specific protiens
how does binding affect half life of hormone - ANSWER: it lengthens the hormones half life, acting as
a reserve for hormones.
Explain conjunction - ANSWER: a process call conjugation, is when certain enzymes in the liver attach
water-soluble molecules to th hormones. Usually sulfate or Glucuronic acid, its then excreted in bile
, Proteins are _____-soluble - ANSWER: Water
Amino Acids are _____-soluble - ANSWER: Water
Thyroid Hormones (thyroxine) are _____-soluble - ANSWER: Lipid
Conversly Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is ______- soluble - ANSWER: Water
Steroids are _____-soluble - ANSWER: Lipid
Do most water soluble hormones need a binding protein? - ANSWER: No, they dissolve directly into
the blood, but most of them quite large so they don't go through capillary walls easily. To help with
this these organs that need the hormone sometimes have porous or fenestrated walls.
What is the half life of water soluble hormone like? - ANSWER: relatively short due to degradation by
enzymes. (proteases)
What is one way that a water soluble hormone can become more stable? - ANSWER: protein and
peptide hormones can add a carbohydrate to them, making them glycoproteins.
What are the three patterns of hormone secretion - ANSWER: Chronic (ie, thyroid)
Acute (i.e., epinephrine)
Episodic (ie, menstrual cycle hormones)
____-soluble hormones circulate free in the bloodstream - ANSWER: Water
The 2 major mechanisms used by hormones to produce their effects: - ANSWER: Second messenger
systems and direct gene activation
The mechanism that uses membrane-bound receptors - ANSWER: Second Messenger Systems
The mechanism that uses intracellular receptors - ANSWER: Direct Gene Activation
____-soluble hormones use the method of Second Messenger Systems - ANSWER: Water
____-soluble hormones use Direct Gene Activation - ANSWER: Lipid
The time for removal of 1/2 the amount of hormone from the body - ANSWER: Half-life
What are the three types of hormonal release? - ANSWER: Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal
Hormone release: the changing levels of ions and nutrients in blood directly stimulate hormone
release - ANSWER: Humoral: example, runner losing fluids, elevated blood solute, causes release of
ADH (anti diuretic) that lessens any further loss of fluids
Hormone release: nerves themselves stimulate hormone release - ANSWER: Neural: example, stress
response activates release of epinephrine.
Hormonal - ANSWER: Hormones stimulate the release of other hormones.
define tropic hormone - ANSWER: Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones and
can have a far-reaching effect, example, anterior pituitary gland causes chain hormone release.
___ Feedback controls are generally seen throughout the endocrine system - ANSWER: Negative
What allows for inhibition of hormone release - ANSWER: For each humoral stimulus, their exists a
companion hormone that inhibits it. these are called inhibiting hormones.
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