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COMD 5070 Final Exam/116 Questions with Solved Solutions
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COMD 5070 Final Exam/116 Questionswith Solved Solutions
Two types of coarticulation - -anticipatory
retentive
-Anticipatory (forward) coarticulation - -earlier sounds are influenced by a
later sound .
ex: spoon which causes /s/ to lip round.
-Retentive (backward) coarticulation - -later sounds are influenced by an
earlier one.
ex: no causes /o/ to be nasalized.
-Acoustic parameters that may change when a word is stressed: - -
fundamental frequency
intensity
duration
-relaxed vs clear speech - -We adjust how much articulatory effort we use,
depending on the circumstances. When you're in a circumstance with
minimal noise, you may be able to minimize your energy expenditure by
speaking casually. However, if you're talking to someone with a hearing
impairment or are in a noisy environment and need to be understood, you
tend to adjust the effort level upward and articulate with much greater force
and effort.
hyper- and hypo-articulate speech are different, and clear speech involves
longer segment durations as a result of trying to be really clear, whereas
more casual speech involves articulatory undershoot.
In conclusion, relaxed speech involves articulatory undershoot and clear
speech involves longer segment durations and released stops due to
emphasis and trying to be clear when speaking.
-Hypernasality (how do perceptual severity relates to physiology) - -
Perceptual severities of nasalization relate to physiology, because it is
disordered because it can be a result of linked nasal and oral cavity. The
nasal cavity tends to have a damping effect and can influence the clarity of a
vowel that's being produced. This is because the nasal cavity acts as an anti
resonance, which damps the other formants.
-Nasal air Flow (during which sound would it be high or low) - -low for
vowels
, near zero for pressure consonants. If there is flow during consonants this
could indicate leakage.
-Measuring nasalance (what instrument quantifies this) - -nasometer
It relies on acoustic nasometry but may include aerodynamic measures as
well. Looks at nasal airflow over time. It comes with a software which will
allow for quantifying measures of nasalance.
Example: OroNasal Mask System from a company called Glottal Enterprises.
-Acoustic Nasometry (how does it work conceptually) - -you have two
microphones. One is set above the divider plate, and one below. This divider
plate is set on the front of the person's face so it sits above the person's
upper lip and below the nose. So one of the microphones picks up energy
that comes below the mouth, and the other picks up energy that comes from
the nose. The relative proportions of the energy from these two microphones
can be represented as nasalance. This is useful in clinical assessments
because you can determine if a person falls within normal limits for
nasalance for a given utterance. It can also be used to provide feedback
during therapy so the person can see how they're managing the oral nasal
balance of speech production.
-EMG - -used to study electrical activity in muscles.
-What innervates muscles? - -motor neurons
-What does a motor neuron consist of? - -motor neuron
few or many muscle fibers
-What causes contraction of muscles? - -electrical stimulation
-Surface Electrodes - -measure larger muscles. Less invasive due to many
muscle fibers firing at the same time. Must have signal amplified to boost
signal.
-Intramuscular Electrodes - -measures fine detail, but requires you poking
the electrode into the belly of the muscle so you can measure the electrical
activity inside it.
-Where does the signal come from? (EMG) - -signals originate from CNS and
may reveal details of neural control.
Muscle contraction follows neural stimulation. Brain sends impulse down
axon to muscle fiber, causes to contract when stimulated. Electrical activity
measured during contracting & measured with EMG reflects activity of
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