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Unit 8 Final Exam Assignment (study guide)

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Course
Fundamentals Of Psychology 101.34 (PSY101)

Institution
Post University

Book
What is Psychology?

For unit 8 in Fundamentals of Psychology 1, you have to create a study guide with 6 important theories, facts, or concepts that you believe are important to learn during the course of this class. I recieved an A+(100%) for this assignment.

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Fundamentals of Psychology 1:

Final Exam Study Guide

Mindy Helton

Psychology Dept, Post University

PSY101, Fundamentals of Psychology 1

Dr. Judith Stang

August 16, 2024

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Fundamentals of Psychology 1:

Final Exam Study Guide

This study guide is to help students prepare for the final exam in Professor Judith Stang's

Fundamentals of Psychology 1 Class in the Psychology Department at Post University. It covers

critical key components for the course that are important to learn and understand. You can find

additional information for each key component in chapters 1-10 of the textbook Pastorino, E.E.

and Doyle-Portillo, S.M. (2022). What is psychology: Foundations, applications, and integration

(5th Ed.). Cengage. Each component is broken down and analyzed over the 8-week course.

Research Methods

The first component we will look at is the different types of Research Methods used by scientists

to collect data to test and analyze hypotheses. This is important because without collecting data

scientists would not be able to test hypotheses, which is how they either argue or support

theories. So, understanding the different types of research methods and when to use each one to

correctly collect data is imperative.

 Naturalistic Observations – Studies known as "naturalistic observations" are done in the

setting where the behavior is expected to occur. In a naturalistic study, the researcher

records or observes behavior and then describes or hypothesizes about behavior

considering their observations. It is impossible to identify the reasons behind behavior in

a naturalistic study since the researcher has no control over what happens. Thus, the

purposes of description and prediction are primarily met by naturalistic investigations.

 Case Studies - a comprehensive examination of one or more subjects or environments.

The participant could be an individual, an animal, or even an environment like a store or

a school. Like naturalistic observation, case studies involve researchers recording or

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relating their observations without control over variables. Case studies give us detailed

information on uncommon and uncommon conditions that we might not be able to

research on our own.

 Surveys - obtaining information about the attitudes, beliefs, and/or behaviors of a sizable

population. Questions or statements can be promptly answered by a large number of

people in their homes, online, over the phone, or in public.

 Correlational Studies – Used when scientists want to evaluate the correlation—the

relationship—between two or more variables. Instead of controlling variables, the

researcher measures them to determine whether there is a trustworthy correlation between

them. Researchers can forecast behavior using correlational studies, but they cannot

establish a cause-and-effect relationship.

 Experiments – The only research method that can test a casual hypothesis and is

characterized by two key elements. Initially, the study's variables are managed or

controlled. Second, participants are randomized at random to the study's conditions.

 Quasi-experiment - Compare participants in manipulating an independent variable not

assigned at random.

Structure of the Nervous System

The next component we will discuss is the structure of the nervous system. This is important to

understand because the nervous system is responsible for sending messages from the brain to

other parts of the body to regulate body functions. It is the command center for the body.

Without the nervous system we would not be able to move, think or feel so it is important to

understand all the parts of the nervous system called subsystems.

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 Central Nervous System (CNS)- composed of the Brain and Spinal cord and neurons. It

controls thoughts, feelings and movements (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).

 Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - The part of the nervous system that lies outside of the

brain and spinal cord and is composed of all the nerves that branch out from the brain and

spinal cord and includes muscles and organs. The primary role of the PNS is to connect

the CNS to organs, limbs and skin. It sends signals from the brain to the body and from

the body to the brain.

Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Moving on to the third component, Howard Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligence is an

essential component in the history of psychology. The theory of multiple intelligence suggests

that humans possess eight types of intelligence, rather than a single intelligence (G), and that

humans are not born with all the intelligence they will ever have. The eight types of intelligence

that Gardner proposes are as follows:

1. Linguistics - This kind of intelligence is concerned with the sensitivity to written and

spoken language, the capacity to acquire new languages, and the ability to use language

to achieve specific objectives. Linguistically intelligent people are able to analyze data

and produce written and spoken language products like books, memos, and speeches.

2. Logical-Mathematical - This kind of intelligence is the ability to apply logic to problems,

perform mathematical operations, and conduct scientific research. It entails having the

capacity to solve issues through reasoning, abstraction, logic, and critical thinking. It

involves having the ability to comprehend the fundamental ideas of a causal system of

some sort.

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3. Spatial - the capacity for precise visual-spatial perception. It encompasses the capacity to

alter, adjust, or work with visual data. High spatial intelligence individuals excel at

reading maps, creating puzzles, drawing, and having a strong sense of direction.

4. Bodily-Kinesthetic - entails utilizing the body with grace, delicacy, and skill. It involves

balance, strength, flexibility, dexterity, and physical coordination. A high level of bodily-

kinesthetic intelligence makes a person skilled in acting, dancing, sports, and physical

crafts.

5. Musical - is the ability to recognize, distinguish, create, and express musical forms. It

also refers to the proficiency in the performance, composition, and appreciation of

musical patterns. Sensitivity to tone, color, melody, rhythm, and pitch are all included.

High musical intelligence individuals are skilled singers, musicians, and composers.

6. Interpersonal - the ability to comprehend the goals, motives, and aspirations of others

and, as a result, collaborate productively with them. It requires the capacity to

comprehend and communicate with people in an effective manner. It entails being

understanding of the emotions, dispositions, drives, and aspirations of others.

Interpersonally intelligent people are good communicators and rapport-builders.

7. Intrapersonal - the ability to comprehend oneself, to have a functional working model of

oneself that includes one's capacities, fears, and desires, and to effectively use this

knowledge to control one's own life. It encompasses self-awareness, personal awareness,

and the capacity to hone, evaluate, and explain one's emotional existence.

8. Naturalistic - entails having the capacity to identify, group, and utilize patterns found in

the natural world. It involves being sensitive to natural phenomena, wildlife, and flora.

Naturalists who possess high naturalist intelligence are adept at categorizing natural

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forms. It requires knowledge of the various species that make up their surroundings and

their ability to identify and categorize them.

According to the theory of multiple intelligence, each person possesses all eight intelligences to

varied degrees, and a person's preferred method of learning has nothing to do with their areas of

greatest intelligence (Marenus, 2024).

Emerging Adulthood

The fourth key component essential to understand is the phase of human development known as

Emerging Adulthood. Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett argued that emerging adulthood, also known

as the “in-between” developmental stage, should be added to Erik Erickson’s eight stages of

psychosocial development. This stage of development is pertinent to understand as it is a phase

of identity exploration for the adolescent teen who is transitioning into adulthood. Taking place

between the ages of 18-25, people start pursuing certain options for their lives while ignoring

others (Vinney, 2018). This phase is marked by the following five features:

1. Identity explorations

2. Instability

3. Self-focus

4. Feeling in-between adolescence and adulthood

5. A sense of broad possibilities for the future

The Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN)

OCEAN or CANOE, another name for the Big Five Personality Traits, is a psychological model

that outlines five major aspects of personality: It's thought that these characteristics hold steady

over the course of a person's lifetime. With an estimated 50% heritability, they are greatly

influenced by both genes and environment. Additionally, they forecast key life outcomes like

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health and education. The Big Five Model contends that every personality trait is a spectrum, in

contrast to other trait theories that divide people into binary categories (such as introvert or

extrovert). As a result, people are placed on a scale that ranges from the two extremes of five

broad dimensions (Lim, 2023).

1. Conscientiousness – People who score low on the spectrum are impulsive and

disorganized and people who score on the high side of the spectrum are disciplined and

careful.

2. Agreeableness – If someone scores low on the spectrum in this trait they are usually

suspicious and uncooperative as opposed to someone who scores high on the spectrum

that would be trusting and helpful.

3. Neuroticism – On the low end of the spectrum you will find people who are calm and

confident and on the high side you will find individuals that are anxious and pessimistic.

4. Openness to Experience – People who score on the low end of this spectrum prefer

routines and are usually practical people. Those who score on the high end of this

spectrum are imaginative and spontaneous.

5. Extraversion – Those on the low end of this spectrum typically the reserved and

thoughtful type and those on the high end of the spectrum are generally sociable and fun-

loving individuals.

DSM-5 Model

The last component is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5

Model). Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 2013, the DSM-5 is the

fifth edition of a book that outlines the signs of each mental health condition that must be present

for a person to be diagnosed with it. There are twenty main categories of mental health disorders

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in the DSM-5. It also specifies how long a patient has to exhibit these symptoms in order to be

diagnosed. Based on solid scientific evidence, the DSM has undergone multiple revisions in an

effort to increase its validity and reliability. For the purpose of diagnosing and researching

individuals with mental health issues, clinicians and researchers can utilize the DSM as a helpful

framework and common language. Additionally, having a common language makes it easier for

researchers to investigate the potential root causes of mental health issues.

The six fundamental components explained and reviewed in this study guide are to help prepare

students for the final exam in Professor Judith Stang’s Fundamentals of Psychology 1:PSY101

class. It is pertinent to understand each component when studying and working in the field of

psychology. Each one plays an essential role in the history and integration of psychology as it is

continously evolving. To understand where you are going you must first understand where you

have been.

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References

Cleveland Clinic medical. (2023, November 12). Central nervous system: What does it do?.
Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/central-nervous-system-cns

Lim, A. G. Y. (2023, December 20). Big 5 personality traits: The 5-factor model of personality.

Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/big-five-personality.html

Marenus, M. (2024, February 2). Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. Simply Psychology.

https://www.simplypsychology.org/multiple-intelligences.html#:~:text=Howard

%20Gardner%E2%80%99s%20theory%20of%20multiple%20intelligences%20proposes

%20that,general%20intelligence%2C%20that%20only%20focuses%20on%20cognitive

%20abilities.

Pastorini, E., & Doyle-Portillo, S. (2022). What is psychology?: Foundations, applications, and

integration: 5th edition. Cengage. https://www.cengage.com/c/what-is-psychology-5e-

pastorino-doyle-portillo/9780357373965/

Vinney, C. (2018, September 19). Emerging adulthood: The “in-between” developmental stage.

ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/emerging-adulthood-developmental-stage-

4175472

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