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Exam (elaborations)

ESS 106 Exam 2

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  • FT 106

ESS 106 Exam 2 VEI - correct answer scale to measure explosions by volume eruptions caused by - correct answer interplay between density changes and viscosity (temperature, viscosity, and rate/style of degassing) viscosity - correct answer measure of difficulty/resistance to flow bas...

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  • August 17, 2024
  • 11
  • 2024/2025
  • Exam (elaborations)
  • Questions & answers
  • FT 106
  • FT 106
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Studyclass
ESS 106 Exam 2


VEI - correct answer ✔✔scale to measure explosions by volume



eruptions caused by - correct answer ✔✔interplay between density changes and viscosity

(temperature, viscosity, and rate/style of degassing)



viscosity - correct answer ✔✔measure of difficulty/resistance to flow

based on chemical bonding of melt



magma composition - correct answer ✔✔melt composition, gas content, crystals, silica



variation of silica in magma - correct answer ✔✔determines viscosity level



melt structure (magma) - correct answer ✔✔no long range order, bonds continually being broken and
formed, silica is abundant



silica - correct answer ✔✔Si (cation) and O (anion)

building block of magma

forms tetrahedron that can form chains



decrease viscosity - correct answer ✔✔add water

depolymerizes the melt/tetrahedron form of silica



VSY: high temp - correct answer ✔✔low viscosity



VSY: high gas content - correct answer ✔✔low viscosity

, VSY: a lot of bubbles and crystals - correct answer ✔✔high viscosity



how to measure gases - correct answer ✔✔direct measurements & remote sensing (COSPEC and TOMS)



fragmentation - correct answer ✔✔transition of a bubbly magma to a dismembered froth of magma
clumped in hot gas

more fragmentation = more explosive



explosive eruptions - correct answer ✔✔gas thrust, convective ascent/thrust, umbrella region



pyroclastic surge blast deposits - correct answer ✔✔constrained by topography

cross bedded layers (stratified)



explosive deposits - correct answer ✔✔1) convecting column (tephra fallout)

2) collapsing column (pyroclastic flows)



eruptions column - correct answer ✔✔droplets of molten and glass particles

crystals

country rock/wallrock (lithic fragments)



gas thrust region - correct answer ✔✔100 m/s in strombolian/hawaiian

>600 m/s for Plinian

pryoclasts and gas jetted into atmosphere 10^2-^3 meters high



convective ascent region - correct answer ✔✔air is heated and resulting expansions decreases bulk
density of mixture

10s of km upward

velocity varies from 10-100 m/s

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