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When creating a PDF title for your Class 12th Science notes and notebook, it's important to be clear and specific so you can easily identify the content later. Here are some suggestions:

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Well-organized Class 12th Science notebook, containing handwritten notes, solved examples, and important questions. Perfect for Bihar Board exam preparation, this notebook PDF is a valuable resource for quick revisions and in-depth study."

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  • August 17, 2024
  • 34
  • 2022/2023
  • Class notes
  • Uttam yadav
  • All classes
  • Secondary school
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vè;k; 9

fdj.k izdkf'kdh ,oa
izdkf'kd ;a=k


9.1 Hkwfedk
izÑfr us ekuo us=k (n`f"V iVy) dks oS|qrpqacdh; LisDVªe osQ ,d NksVs ifjlj esa oS|qr pqacdh;
rjaxksa dks lqxkz fgrk lfgr lalfw pr dj ldus ;ksX; cuk;k gSA bl oS|rq pqca dh; LisDVªe ls lacfa èkr
fofdj.kksa (rjaxnS?;Z yxHkx 400 nm ls 750 nm) dks izdk'k dgrs gSaA eq[; :i ls izdk'k
,oa n`f"V dh laosnuk osQ dkj.k gh ge vius pkjksa vksj osQ lalkj dks le>rs ,oa mldh O;k[;k
djrs gSaA
vius lkekU; vuqHko ls ge izdk'k osQ fo"k; esa viuh varn`Zf"V }kjk nks ckrksa dk mYys[k
dj ldrs gSaA igyh] ;g vR;f/d rhoz pky ls xeu djrk gS rFkk] nwljh] ;g ljy js[kk esa
xeu djrk gSA bl rF; dks iw.kZ :i ls le>us esa yksxksa dks oqQN le; yxk fd izdk'k dh
pky (c) ifjfer gS rFkk bls ekik tk ldrk gSA orZeku esa] bldk fuokZr esa ekU; eku
c = 2.99792458 × 108 m s–1 gSA vusd iz;kstuksa osQ fy,] bldk eku c = 3 × 108 m s–1
i;kZIr gSA fuokZr esa izdk'k dh pky izÑfr esa izkI; mPpre pky gSA
gekjh varnZ'khZ /kj.kk fd izdk'k ljy js[kk esa xeu djrk gS] (tks oqQN geus vè;k; 8
esa lh[kk Fkk) dk [kaMu djrh izrhr gksrh gS D;ksfa d ogk¡ geus izdk'k dks oS|rq pqca dh; rjax ekuk
Fkk ftldh rjaxnS?;Z LisDVªe osQ n`'; Hkkx esa gksrh gSA bu nksuksa rF;ksa esa lkeatL; oSQls LFkkfir
fd;k tk,\ bldk mÙkj ;g gS fd nSfud thou dh lkekU; oLrqvksa osQ lkb”k (O;kid :i
esa oqQN lsaVhehVj dh dksfV vFkok blls vf/d) dh rqyuk esa izdk'k dh rjaxnS?;Z dkI+kQh de
gksrh gSA tSlk fd vki vè;k; 10 esa lh[ksaxs] bl fLFkfr esa] izdk'k rjax dks ,d ¯cnq ls nwljs


Rationalised 2023-24

, HkkSfrdh
¯cnq rd fdlh ljy js[kk osQ vuqfn'k xeu djrs gq, ekuk tk ldrk gSA bl iFk dks izdk'k
fdj.k dgrs gSa rFkk blh izdkj dh fdj.kksa osQ lewg ls izdk'k&iqat curk gSA
bl vè;k; esa] ge izdk'k osQ fdj.k :i dk mi;ksx djrs gq,] izdk'k osQ ijkorZu] viorZu
rFkk fo{ksi.k dh ifj?kVukvksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj djsaxsA ijkorZu rFkk viorZu osQ ewy fu;eksa dk
mi;ksx djrs gq, ge lery rFkk xksyh; ijkorhZ ,oa viorhZ i`"Bksa }kjk izfrfcacksa dh jpuk dk
vè;;u djsaxsA rRi'pkr ge ekuo us=k lfgr oqQN egRoiw.kZ izdkf'kd ;a=kksa dh jpuk ,oa dk;Z
fof/ dk o.kZu djsaxsA

9.2 xksyh; niZ.kksa }kjk izdk'k dk ijkorZu
ge ijkorZu osQ fu;eksa ls ifjfpr gSaA ijkorZu dks.k (vFkkZr] ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk ijkorZd i`"B
vFkok niZ.k osQ vkiru ¯cnq ij vfHkyac osQ chp dk dks.k)]
vfHkyac vkiru dks.k (vkifrr fdj.k rFkk niZ.k osQ vkiru ¯cnq vfHkyac
vkifrr fdj.k ijko£rr fdj.k osQ chp dk dks.k) osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA blosQ vfrfjDr] vkifrr
fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk ijkorZd i`"B osQ vkiru fcanq ij
vfHkyac ,d gh lery esa gksrs gSa (fp=k 9.1)A ;s fu;e fdlh
q q
Hkh ijkorZd i`"B] pkgs og lery gks ;k ofØr gks] osQ izR;sd
fcanq osQ fy, oS/ gSaA rFkkfi] ge vius foospu dks ofØr i`"Bksa
niZ.k
dh fo'ks"k fLFkfr] vFkkZr xksyh; i`"Bksa rd gh lhfer j[ksaxsA bl
fLFkfr esa vfHkyac [khapus dk rkRi;Z] i`"B osQ vkiru fcanq ij
fp=k 9.1 vkifrr fdj.k] ijkofrZr fdj.k rFkk ijkorZd [khaps x, Li'khZ ij yac [khapuk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd
i`"B osQ vkiru ¯cnq ij vfHkyac ,d gh ry esa gksrs gSaA vfHkyac oØrk f=kT;k osQ vuqfn'k vFkkZr vkiru fcanq dks niZ.k
osQ oØrk osaQæ ls feykus okyh js[kk ij gSA
ge igys gh vè;;u dj pqosQ gSa fd xksyh; niZ.k dk T;kferh; osaQæ bldk /zoq dgykrk
gS] tcfd xksyh; ysal osQ T;kferh; osaQnz dks izdkf'kd osaQæ dgrs gSaA xksyh; niZ.k osQ /qzo rFkk
oØrk osaQæ dks feykus okyh ljy js[kk eq[; v{k dgykrh gSA xksyh; ysalksa esa tSlk fd vki
ckn esa ns[ksaxs] izdkf'kd osaQæ dks eq[; iQksdl ls feykus okyh js[kk eq[; v{k dgykrh gSA
9.2.1 fpÉ ifjikVh
xksyh; niZ.kksa }kjk ijkorZu rFkk xksyh; ysalksa }kjk
ck;ha vksj ij oLrq niZ.k
viorZu osQ fy, izklafxd lw=k O;qRiUu djus osQ
vkifrr fdj.k fy,] loZizFke gesa nwfj;k¡ ekius osQ fy, dksbZ fpÉ
Å¡pkbZ Åij
dh vksj ifjikVh viukuh gksxhA bl iqLrd esa ge dkrhZ;
/ukRed fpÉ ifjikVh (cartesian sign convention)
x-v{k
dk ikyu djsaxsA bl ifjikVh osQ vuqlkj oLrq dks
vkifrr izdk'k osQ niZ.k@ysal osQ ck;ha vksj j[krs gSa rFkk lHkh nwfj;k¡
foijhr fn'kk esa niZ.k osQ /zqo vFkok ysal osQ izdkf'kd osaQæ ls
Å¡pkbZ uhps nwfj;k¡ ½.kkRed
dh vksj vkifrr izdk'k dh fn'kk ekih tkrh gSAa vkifrr izdk'k dh fn'kk esa ekih xbZ
½.kkRed esa nwfj;k¡ /ukRed nwfj;k¡ /ukRed ekuh tkrh gSa rFkk tks nwfj;k¡
fp=k 9.2 dkrhZ; fpÉ ifjikVhA vkifrr izdk'k dh fn'kk osQ foijhr fn'kk esa ekih
tkrh gSa os ½.kkRed ekuh tkrh gSa (fp=k 9.2)A
x-v{k osQ lkis{k rFkk niZ.k@ysl
a osQ eq[; v{k (x-v{k) osQ vfHkyacor] mifjeq[kh ekfir Å¡pkb;k¡
222 èkukRed ekuh tkrh gSa (fp=k 9.2)A vèkkseq[kh ekfir Å¡pkb;ksa dks ½.kkRed fy;k tkrk gSA


Rationalised 2023-24

, fdj.k izdkf'kdh ,oa
izdkf'kd ;a=k
lkekU; ekU; ifjikVh osQ lkFk gesa xksyh; niZ.kksa osQ fy, ,dy lw=k rFkk xksyh; ysalksa osQ
fy, ,dy lw=k fey tkrs gSa rFkk bu lw=kksa }kjk ge fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa dk fuiVku dj ldrs gSaA
9.2.2 xksyh; niZ.kksa dh iQksdl nwjh
fp=k 9.3 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS fd tc dksbZ lekarj izdk'k&iqt a fdlh (a) vory niZ.k rFkk (b) mÙky
niZ.k] ij vkifrr gksrk gS rks D;k gksrk gSA ge ;gk¡ ;g ekurs gSa fd fdj.ksa mik{kh; (paraxial)
gSa] vFkkZr os niZ.k osQ /qzo P osQ fudV osQ fcanqvksa ij vkifrr gSa rFkk eq[; v{k ls NksVs dks.k
cukrh gSaA ijkofrZr fdj.ksa vory niZ.k osQ eq[; v{k ij fcanq F ij vfHklfjr gksrh gSa [fp=k
9.3 (a)]A mÙky niZ.k osQ fy,] ijkofrZr fdj.ksa blosQ eq[; v{k ij fcanq F ls vilfjr gksrh
izrhr gksrh gSa [fp=k 9.3 (b)]A fcanq F niZ.k dk eq[; i+Qksdl dgykrk gSA ;fn lekarj mik{kh;
izdk'k&iqat v{k ls dksbZ dks.k cukrs gq, niZ.k ij vkifrr gksrk gS rks ijkofrZr fdj.ksa eq[; v{k
osQ fcanq F ls xq”kjus okys rFkk eq[; v{k osQ vfHkyacor ry osQ fdlh fcanq ij vfHklfjr
(vFkok ml fcanq ls vilfjr gksrh izrhr) gksaxhA bl ry dks niZ.k dk i+Qksdl lery dgrs
gSa [fp=k 9.3 (c)]A




C F P


iQksdy ry
(c)
fp=k 9.3 vory rFkk mÙky niZ.k osQ iQksdlA

niZ.k osQ i+Qksdl F rFkk /qzo P osQ chp dh nwjh niZ.k dh i+Qksdl nwjh dgykrh gS rFkk bls
f }kjk fufnZ"V fd;k tkrk gSA vc ge ;g n'kkZrs gSa fd f = R/2, ;gk¡ R niZ.k dh oØrk f=kT;k
gSA fdlh vkifrr izdk'k fdj.k osQ ijkorZu dh T;kfefr fp=k 9.4 esa n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA
eku yhft, C niZ.k dk oØrk osaQæ gSA eq[; v{k osQ lekarj ,d izdk'k fdj.k ij fopkj
dhft, tks niZ.k ls M ij Vdjkrh gSA rc CM fcanq M ij niZ.k ij vfHkyac gksxkA eku yhft,
θ vkiru dks.k gS rFkk MD ¯cnq M ls eq[; v{k ij yac gSA rc]
∠MCP = θ rFkk ∠MFP = 2θ
MD MD
vc] tanθ = CD rFkk tan 2θ = FD (9.1)
223


Rationalised 2023-24

, HkkSfrdh
θ osQ y?kq ekuksa osQ fy,] tks fd mik{kh; fdj.kksa osQ fy, lR; gS]
tanθ ≈ θ, tan 2θ ≈ 2θ
blfy, lehdj.k (9.1) ls izkIr gksrk gS
MD MD
=2
FD CD
CD
vFkok, FD = 2 (9.2)
vFkok, θ osQ y?kq eku osQ fy,] fcanq D fcanq P osQ cgqr fudV gS] blfy,
FD = f rFkk CD = R A vr% lehdj.k (9.2) ls izkIr gksrk gS
f = R/2 (9.3)

9.2.3 niZ.k lehdj.k
;fn fdlh fcanq ls vkjaHk gksdj izdk'k fdj.ksa ijkorZu rFkk@vFkok viorZu osQ
i'pkr fdlh vU; fcanq ij feyrh gSa rks og fcanq igys fcanq dk izfrfcac dgykrk
gSA ;fn fdj.ksa okLro esa bl fcanq ij vfHklfjr gksrh gSa rks izfrfcac okLrfod gksrk
fp=k 9.4 (a) vory xksyh; niZ.k] rFkk gSA blosQ foijhr] ;fn fdj.ksa okLro esa ugha feyrha] ijarq ihNs dh vksj c<+k,
(b) mÙky xksyh; niZ.k] ij fdlh vkifrr tkus ij ml fcanq ls vilfjr gksrh izrhr gksrh gaS rks og izfrfcac vkHkklh gksrk
fdj.k osQ ijkorZu dh T;kfefrA gSA bl izdkj fdlh oLrq dk ijkorZu rFkk@vFkok viorZu }kjk LFkkfir izfrfcac
ml oLrq dk fcanq&nj&fcanq rnuq:i gksrk gSA
fl¼kar :i es]a ge oLrq osQ fdlh ¯cnq ls fudyus okyh dksbZ nks fdj.ksa ys ldrs gS]a muosQ
iFk vuqjfs [kr djrs gS]a mudk izfrPNsn fcanq Kkr djrs gSa vkSj bl izdkj] fdlh xksyh; niZ.k }kjk
ijkorZu osQ dkj.k cuk fdlh fcanq dk izfrfcac izkIr djrs gSAa rFkkfi] O;ogkj esa fuEufyf[kr fdj.kksa
esa ls dksbZ lh nks fdj.ksa ysuk lqfoèkktud gksrk gS%
(i) fdlh fcanq ls vkus okyh og fdj.k tks eq[; v{k osQ lekarj gSA ijkofrZr fdj.k niZ.k
osQ i+Qksdl ls xq”kjrh gSA
(ii) og fdj.k tks fdlh vory niZ.k osQ oØrk osQa æ ls xq”kjrh gS vFkok mÙky niZ.k osQ oØrk
osaQæ ls tkrh izrhr gksrh gSA ijkofrZr fdj.k osQoy viuk iFk iqu% vuqjsf[kr djrh gSA
(iii) og fdj.k tks fdlh vory niZ.k osQ eq[; i+Qksdl ls xq”kjrh gS vFkok mÙky niZ.k osQ
eq[; i+Qksdl ls xq”kjrh (dh vksj fn"V) izrhr gksrh gSA ijkofrZr fdj.k eq[; v{k osQ
lekarj xeu djrh gSA
(iv) dksbZ fdj.k tks /qzo ij fdlh Hkh dks.k ij vkifrr gksrh gSA
ijkofrZr fdj.k] ijkorZu osQ fu;eksa dk ikyu djrh gSA
fp=k 9.5 ¯cc osQ ¯cnq A ls fudyus okyh rhu fdj.kksa dks
è;ku esa j[kdj fdj.k&vkjs[k n'kkZrk gSA blesa vory niZ.k }kjk
cuk;k x;k fcac AB dk izfrfcac A′B′ (bl fLFkfr esa okLrfod)
n'kkZ;k x;k gSA bldk ;g vFkZ ugha gS fd fcanq A ls osQoy rhu
fdj.ksa gh fudyrh gSAa fdlh Hkh lzkrs ls lHkh fn'kkvksa esa vuar fdj.ksa
fudyrh gSaA vr% ;fn fcanq A ls fudyus okyh izR;sd fdj.k] vory
niZ.k }kjk ijkorZu osQ i'pkr ¯cnq A′ ls gksdj xq”kjrh gS rks fcanq A′
fcanq A dk okLrfod izfrfcac gSA
vc ge niZ.k lehdj.k vFkok fcac nwjh (u), izfrfcac nwjh (v)
rFkk i+Qksdl nwjh (f ) osQ chp laca/ O;qRiUu djsaxsA
fp=k 9.5 ls] nksuksa ledks.k f=kHkqt A′B′F rFkk MPF le:i
fp=k 9.5 fdlh vory niZ.k }kjk izfrfcac jpuk dk gSaA (mik{kh; fdj.kksa osQ fy,] MP dks ljy js[kk CP osQ yacor
fdj.k vkjs[k ekuk tk ldrk gSA) vr%
224 B ′A ′ B ′F
=
PM FP

Rationalised 2023-24

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