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Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind and Behavior 15th Edition by Dennis
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Test Bank: Introduction to Psychology: Gateways to Mind andBehavior 15th Edition by Dennis - Ch. 1-18, 9781337565691,
with Rationales
Motor Neuron - ANSWER:Carries info from central nervous system to muscles and glands. Brain to
Bod
Sensory Neurons - ANSWER:Carry info from sensory receptors to the CNS. Body to Brain
Interneurons - ANSWER:Communicate within CNS. Brain to Brain
Nervous System - ANSWER:Electrochemical communication network that consists of all of the nerve
cells of the peripheral and CNS. Communicates between brain and body
How do neurons communicate? - ANSWER:Phase 1: electrical. Action potential. Within neuron.
Phase 2: chemical. Between different neurons. Chemicals that are exchanged are neurotransmitters.
Synapses - ANSWER:Where neurotransmitters are released by vesicles to be accepted by receptors;
the junction between the terminal branch of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving
neuron
Multipolar neuron - ANSWER:Multiple dendrites
One axon
Motor neurons and interneurons
Bipolar neuron - ANSWER:One dendrite
One axon
Specialized sensory neurons
Pseudo-unipolar neuron - ANSWER:One axon that splits into two branches
Sensory neurons
Action potential - ANSWER:The neural impulse that travels down an axon
Threshold - ANSWER:When excitatory signals outweigh inhibitory
Agonists - ANSWER:Bind to receptors and mimic effects of neurotransmitter
Antagonists - ANSWER:Bind to receptors and block subsequent functioning
Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) - ANSWER:Creates arousal. Fight or flight and channels resources
to muscles
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) - ANSWER:Calming and channels resources to internal organs
Brain Stem - ANSWER:Responsible for survival. Consists of pons, medulla, reticular formation, and
thalamus
Limbic System - ANSWER:Responsible for emotions and drives. Consists of hippocampus, amygdala,
and hypothalamus
Superior/Dorsal - ANSWER:Top of brain
Anterior - ANSWER:Front of brain
,Posterior - ANSWER:Back of brain
Inferior/Neutral - ANSWER:Bottom of brain
Cerebral Cortex - ANSWER:Ultimate control and info processing center that consists of interconnected
neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
Hypothalamus - ANSWER:Controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
Amygdala - ANSWER:Controls anger and fear
Hippocampus - ANSWER:Forms new memories
Medulla - ANSWER:(Base of brain stem) controls most basic functions like heartbeat and breathing
Pons - ANSWER:Coordinate automatic and unconscious movements
Frontal Lobe - ANSWER:Planning, decision making, speaking. Includes primary motor cortex
Temporal Lobe - ANSWER:Auditory processing
Parietal Lobe - ANSWER:Sensory input for touch and position. Includes primary somatosensory cortex
Occipital Lobe - ANSWER:Receives visual info
Cerebellum - ANSWER:Balance and movement
Thalamus - ANSWER:Filters where messages go
Reticular Formation - ANSWER:Helps control arousal
Left hemisphere - ANSWER:Language and speech. Analytical thinking
Corpus Callosum - ANSWER:Connects left and right hemispheres
Right hemisphere - ANSWER:Emotions, spatial problems, ability to recognize objects and ppl
Somatosensory Cortex - ANSWER:Determines what parts of our body are most sensitive
Adrenal Glands - ANSWER:Located atop the kidneys, produce the hormones epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and cortisol
Pituitary Gland - ANSWER:Master gland of the endocrine system. Controlled through nervous system
by hypothalamus. Produces hormones that regulate other glands, growth hormone, and oxytocine
Endocrine System - ANSWER:Set of glands that produce hormones. Made up of adrenal gland and
pituitary gland.
Lesioning - ANSWER:Physical injuries to the brain that prevent normal functioning. Stroke, external
injury, or surgery. Functional lesion.
Individual Cell Technologies - ANSWER:Staining, single cell recording, and single cell stimulation
Staining - ANSWER:Golgi stains show neuron anatomy. Nissl stains show the number of neurons in an
area
, Single cell recording - ANSWER:Implant an electrode in a single cell and measure electrical activity
Single cell stimulation - ANSWER:Implant an electrode in a single cell and stimulate it with electrical
currents
Electro-encephalography (EEG) - ANSWER:Measures electrical signals through scalp. Poor spatial
resolution. Excellent temporal resolution. Non-invasive
Magnetic encephalography (MEG) - ANSWER:Measure magnetic signs from neurons firing. Excellent
temporal resolution. Okay spatial resolution. Non-invasive
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - ANSWER:Injects a radioactive substance into the bloodstream
and measures flow of that substance to the brain. Excellent spatial resolution. Poor temporal
resolution. Somewhat invasive.
MRI - ANSWER:Provides a structural picture of brain using magnetic fields and radio waves. No
temporal resolution. Good spatial resolution. Non-invasive.
fMRI - ANSWER:Measures oxygen flow to the brain during tasks. Poor temporal resolution. Good
spatial resolution. Non-invasive
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) - ANSWER:Sends current through scalp to activate or inhibit
different regions of the cortex. Good spatial resolution. Excellent temporal resolution. Highly invasive.
How can we study the brain? - ANSWER:Case studies, Lesioning, single cell imagining, and
monitoring/imagining activity in the brain
Motor cortex - ANSWER:Part of cortex that controls and executes movements of body by sending
signals
Sensory cortex - ANSWER:Controls and sends signals to sensitive areas
Psychological Science - ANSWER:is the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes.
What Makes Psychology a Science? - ANSWER:1) Carefully measured observations
2) experiments
Structuralism - ANSWER:- Looking for mental "elements" that combined to create experiences
- Relied on introspection, reporting on
sensations and other elements of experience
Functionalism - ANSWER:Focused on how behavior and mental
processes enable an organism to adapt,
survive, and flourish
Behaviorism - ANSWER:The scientific study of observable behavior...
- All behavior is a result of conditioning
- The environment shapes behavior through
reinforcement
- Behaviors and mental processes are due to
responses to stimuli
Psychodynamic Psychology - ANSWER:focuses on the roles of unconscious drives and wishes and
childhood experiences and how they influence our behaviors and mental states
Psychoanalysis - ANSWER:a theory of personality and a
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