Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein - Ch. 1-13,
Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein - Ch. 1-13,
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Test Bank: Cognitive Psychology: Connecting Mind,
Research, and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E.
Bruce Goldstein - Ch. 1-13, 9781337408271, with
Rationales
Cognition - ANSWER: all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating
How is Cognitive Psychology different from other theories? - ANSWER: • It accepts the use of the
scientific method, and generally rejects introspection as a valid method of investigation - in contrast
with such approaches as Freudian psychology.
• It explicitly acknowledges the existence of internal mental states (such as belief, desire, idea,
knowledge and motivation).
Coined the term "Cognitive Psychology" - ANSWER: Ulric Neisser
Cognitive Psychology - ANSWER: Branch of psychology concerned with how people
acquire, store, transform, use and communicate
information
Rationalism - ANSWER: belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge (logic & theory)
Empiricism - ANSWER: the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b)
science flourishes through observation and experiment.
Structuralism - ANSWER: early school of psychology that used introspection to explore elemental
structure of human mind led by - Wundt
Functionalism - ANSWER: a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral
processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish; assumes all mental
and behavioral processes have a purpose.
Pragmatism - ANSWER: a philosophical principle, first expressed by William James, that expressed the
evolutionary idea that truth arose from the testing of new ideas, the value of which lay in their
practical consequences. Ideas gain validity from their social consequences and practical applications.
It reflected the American quality- the inventive, experimental spirit that judged ideas on their results
and their ability to adapt to changing social needs and environments
Associationism - ANSWER: In psychophysics and cognition the theoretical approach that complex
ideas are the result of associations between simple elements. In learning theories synonymous with
the S-R connection (stimulus with response).
Behaviorism - ANSWER: the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies
behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1)
but not with (2). (Contiguity, Similarity, Contrast)
, Gestalt Psychology - ANSWER: a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the
whole rather than the sum of the parts
Cognitive Revolution - ANSWER: the shift away from strict behaviorism, begun in the 1950s,
characterized by renewed interest in fundamental problems of consciousness and internal mental
processes - response to behaviorism.
Cognitive Revolution let us examine more important things, namely: - ANSWER: 1) Language
2) AI
3) Practical Applications
4) Psychobiology
Information Processing Approach - ANSWER: approach to the study of cognitive development by
observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information
Connectionist Approach - ANSWER: An influential model in cognitive psychology that proposes that
the activation of one cue leads to the activation of other related concepts. Also known as parallel
distributed processing approach or PDP approach.
Input to hidden to ouput
Learned by getting stimulus, gets feedback,feedback transforms to error signal the network is change
to correct response.
Ex. Is language acquisition
Evolutionary Approach - ANSWER: a psychological perspective that uses evolutionary ideas such as
adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" as the basis for explaining specific human
behaviors
Ecological Approach - ANSWER: an approach to the study of cognition emphasizing the natural
contexts or settings in which cognitive activities occur, and the influence such settings have in the
ways in which cognitive activities are acquired, practiced, and executed.
Rationalism vs. empiricism - ANSWER: R; asserts that some fundamental knowledege is a priori.
(indepenent of sensation and perception) E: all knowledge is a posteriori (dependent upon sensation)
Domain Generality - ANSWER: SINGLE intelligence capable of knowing diff aspects of old thru same
underlying mechanisms
Domain Specificity - ANSWER: specialized system to compute certain tasks, what types of questions a
system can answer, this also applies to evolution as it implies that selection tends to fashion specific
mechanisms for each adaptive problem such as, our taste preferences, which guide us to successful
food choices, do not help us in solving problems of choosing successful mates.
Is cognition adaptive in every circumstance? - ANSWER: No.
Cognitive processes interact with each other and with:_______ - ANSWER: non-cognitive processes
(e.g. affective, biological)
Order of Philosophical Events - ANSWER: Structuralism > Functionalism > Pragmatism >
Associationism > Behaviorism > Gestalt Psychology (Sometimes Fat Pigs Appreciate Being Gigantic)
Experiment - ANSWER: A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors
(independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent
variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant
factors.
Naturalistic Observation - ANSWER: observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations
without trying to manipulate and control the situation
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