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Biology 1161 Lecture Test 2 (with 100- correct answers).
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Biology 1161 Lecture Test 2 (with 100- correct answers).
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Biology 1161Lecture Test 2
(with 100%
correct answers)
Nutrition - answer most ingested of this is used for
metabolic fuel. some for cell structures and molecular
synthesis. energy value measured in kilocalories
Nutrient - answer substance in food for growth,
maintenance, repair
What are some major nutrients? - answer carbohydrates,
lipids and proteins
What nutrients are required in small amounts? - answer
vitamins and minerals
What are the food groups? - answer fruits, vegetables,
grains, protein, dairy
,What can convert many molecules into those needed? -
answer the liver
Are non-essential nutrients essential to life? - answer yes
Carbohydrates - answer dietary sources comes from
plants. starch in grains and vegetables. sugars in fruits,
sugarcane, sugar beets, honey, and milk. Insoluble fiber in
cellulose in vegetables. Soluble fiber in pectin in apples
and citrus fruits, it reduces blood cholesterol levels. small
amount in milk sugar
Carbohydrates use in the body - answer Glucose- fuel used
by cells to make ATP. Excess glucose converted to
glycogen or fat stored. Fructose and galactose converted
to glucose by liver before circulation
Carbohydrates Dietary requirements - answer a minimum
of 100 g/day to maintain adequate blood glucose levels.
recommended minimum of 130g/day. recommended intake
is 45-65% of total calorie intake. if less than 50 g/day
proteins and fats are used for energy
Lipids Dietary sources - answer Triglycerides (neutral fats)
saturated fats in meat, dairy foods, and tropical oils.
Unsaturated fats in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most
vegetable oils. Cholesterol in egg yolk, meats, organ
meats, shellfish, and milk products
Lipids - answer liver can convert one fatty acid to another
for many. essential fatty acids include : linoleic and
,linolenic acid, found in most vegetable oils and must be
ingested
Lipids use in the body - answer helps absorb fat-soluble
vitamins. major fuel for hepatocytes and skeletal muscle.
phospholipids essential in myelin sheaths and all cell
membranes. adipose tissue is protection, insulation and
fuel storage. Prostaglandins is smooth muscle contraction,
BP control, inflammation. Cholesterol stabilizes
membranes, precursor of bile salts, steroid hormones
Lipids Dietary requirements - answer keep cholesterol
over 200 mg/dl
Lipid : Fat substitutes - answer air, modified starches and
gums, milk whey protein, olestra
Protein Dietary Sources - answer eggs, milk, fish, most
meats, soybeans contain most complete proteins.
Legumes, nuts and cereals contains most incomplete
proteins. legumes and cereal grains together contain all
essential amino acids
Proteins Use in the Body - answer structural materials
such as keratin, collagen and elastin, muscle proteins.
Functional molecules such as enzymes and some
hormones. Amnio acids can be burned for energy
all-or-none rule - answer all amino acids needed must be
present for protein synthesis to occur; if not all present
amino acids used for energy
, Adequacy of caloric intake - answer protein used as fuel i
insufficient carbohydrates or fat available
Nitrogen balance - answer rate of protein synthesis equals
rate of breakdowns and loss
Positive NItrogen balance - answer synthesis exceeds
breakdown (normal in children, pregnant women, tissue
repair)
Negative Nitrogen Balance - answer breakdown exceeds
synthesis (stress, burns, infection, injury, poor dietary
proteins, starvation)
Hormonal Controls - answer Anabolic hormones (GH, sex
hormones) accelerate protein synthesis and growth
Adrenal glucocorticoids (released during stress) promote
protein breakdown and conversion of amino acids to
glucose
Protein Dietary requirements - answer needs reflect age,
size, metabolic rate, nitrogen balance. the rule of thumb-
daily intake of 0.8 g per kg body weight.
Vitamins - answer organic compound. Crucial in helping
body use nutrients. Most function as coenzymes. Vitamin
D, some B and K synthesized by intestinal bacteria. rest
must be ingested. no one food group contains all vitamins.
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