Name an opportunity of visualizing animal behavior You can visually depict subtle postural states You can clearly show experimental design
Name a challenge for visualizing behavior Motion as static for 2d graph/paper - hard to show motion on a piece of paper that is 2D Chances of misinterpretation...
BIO 446 – Exam Questions and Correct
Answers
Name an opportunity of visualizing animal behavior ✅You can visually depict subtle
postural states
You can clearly show experimental design
Name a challenge for visualizing behavior ✅Motion as static for 2d graph/paper - hard
to show motion on a piece of paper that is 2D
Chances of misinterpretation of what is presented
Name the four Tinberg questions explaining behavior and define each ✅Mechanism -
mechanisms responsible for behavior
Development - ontogeny shaping behavior (learning)
Function - current utility - gives it more fitness (adaptive advantage trait)
Evolution - reason a particular behavior evolved (homology or homoplasy)
Give an example of Tinbergs explanation of behavior ✅- Behavior: the praying mantis
rocks back and forth as it walks.
- Mechanism: neurons fire that result in movement
- Development: as the mantis mature, the rocking becomes more exaggerated
- Function: when rocking, it looks like a leaf in the breeze, which confuses predators
(increases fitness)
- Close relatives also express the behavior, suggesting the behavior is due to shared
common ancestry
What are the proximate and ultimate explanations of behavior? ✅Proximate -
mechanism and development
Ultimate - function and evolution
What is evolution? ✅change is allele frequencies in a population over time
What are the evolutionary mechanisms? ✅Mutation
Gene flow migration
Genetic drift
Natural selection
Non-random mating
What is gene flow migration? ✅New allele is introduced to a population from migration
What is genetic drift? ✅A random event that drifts alleles
, What is the difference between domesticated and tamed? ✅Domesticate - breed
certain qualities over time (i.e. corn)
Tamed - trained/not breed to be something
What are the required conditions for natural selection? ✅- Phenotypic variation in
population
- Heritable trait
- Selective agent - who survives match background better - they operate on behavioral
trait
- More individuals are born than can survive to reproductive age - survival of the fittest
What is artificial selection? ✅Just like natural selection, but humans provide the
selective pressure for breeding certain traits
What is phylogeny? ✅Evolutionary history through common descent
What is a synapomorphy? ✅Shared derived trait
What are the two types of synapomorphy? ✅Homology and homoplasy
What is homology? ✅trait due to common ancestry (common ancestors have that trait)
What is homoplasy? ✅shared traits due to evolution/environment
ex: rhino horns are not seen in every part of the species - dependent on where they live
of whether or not it is exhibited
How do you tell whether it is homology or homoplasy? ✅Draw a tree
(i.e. draw praying mantis tree and show relatives have a common shared trait)
What is parsimony? ✅the simple explanation
What are ways to measure the genetic component of behavior? ✅- Control
environmental variation
- Look at similarities between relatives & non-relatives
- Selection experiments
- Modern techniques
What is the coefficient of relatedness? ✅the proportion of alleles that 2 individuals
share - to test similarities between relatives and non-relatives
What are selection experiments? ✅Only allow certain people to reproduce
(if differential reproduction results in a change of behavior in the population - then it
must be genetic variation associated with the behavior changes)
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