Bio 446 Exam 1 Test Questions and Verified Answers
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Course
BIO 446
Institution
BIO 446
Adaptation word used to describe a trait or character. Describes an evolutionary process - a process of phenotypic adjustment within individuals - infers that increasingly good fit between organism and environment is brought by the process acting on heritable genetic or epigenetic changes
Acclimat...
Bio 446 Exam 1 Test Questions and
Verified Answers
Adaptation ✅word used to describe a trait or character. Describes an evolutionary
process
- a process of phenotypic adjustment within individuals
- infers that increasingly good fit between organism and environment is brought by the
process acting on heritable genetic or epigenetic changes
Acclimation ✅phenotypic changes
Adaptive trait ✅distinct variant of a phenotype that enhances fitness that arose
historically as a resolute of natural selection for its current biological role
- it is inherited
Biological fitness ✅relative fitness contribution of an individual to the gene pool of the
next generations
When they say that adaptation is used to describe an adjustment within individuals
✅non heritable
Example: trout become adapted to higher water temperatures
Allozymes ✅variant forms of an enzyme that are coded at different parts of the same
locus
Isozyme ✅enzymes that perform the same function, but which are coded by genes
located at different loci.
Epigenetic variation ✅variation of a phenotype
Can you inherit phenotypes ✅no , unless you think of epigenetic
Biological spandrel ✅a phenotypic characteristic that is a byproduct of the evolution of
some other characteristic, rather than a direct product of adaptive selection
6 approaches to studying adaptation ✅1. Clinical variation
2. Reciprocal transplant experiments
3. Mapping traits onto phylogeny
4. Determining the correlation between genetic and environmental change
5. Transgene experiemtns
6. Functional effects of a variant
,Clinical variation ✅occurs when traits or allele frequencies are repeatedly correlated
with latitude or other spatial change in an environmental variable
Alcohol dehydrogenase (adh) ✅enzyme that facilitates the intro conversation of
alcohol to aldehydes or ketones
Detoxifies ethanols
Adh for drosophilia ✅for the detoxification of ethanol to feed on rating and fermenting
fruit
Genetic drift ✅random fluctuations in the frequency of gene variants (alleles) in a
population
Genetic polymorphism ✅the occurrence together in the same population of two or
more genetically determined phenotypes in such proportions that the rarest of them
cannot be maintained merely by recurrent mutation.
Balancing selection ✅occurs when heterozygotes have a higher adaptive value than
homozygotes resulting in conversation of genetic polymorphism
- happens when adh is actively maintained as a heterozygote
Ldh b ✅expressed in aerobic red muscle, heart, liver and erythrocytes in fundulus
Increases fitness
At extremes they are homozygotes --> this genotype has the highest catalytic activity at
low temperature
Fundulus ✅teleost fish
Ectoderm
You can't regulate body temperature
Ldh ✅enzyme in the glycolysis pathway
Converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid and back
Heterozygote
Clines ✅select for enzymes alleles that enable an organism to adapt to environmental
conditions across a broad geographic range
Reciprocal transplant experiments ✅method to determine if local genetic variants and
adaptations perform best in the habitat which they are found (common in plants)
Mapping traits onto a phylogeny ✅showing that multiple species have independently
evolved similar relationships between a trait and environment
, Phylogeny ✅evolutionary history of a species or group especially in reference to lines
of descent from ad relationships to a common ancestor
.correlation between genetic and environmental change ✅determine if genetic
variation in wild populations with a natural environment change or gradient
organisms are studied in place without any modification of them or their environment
Exome ✅part of genomic dna formed by or existing of exons --> the sequence when
transcribed remain within the mature rna after introns are removed by rna splicing
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome is .... ✅an autosome
Intron ✅non coding region of dna
How do tibetan highlander differ genetically? ✅used exnome data to calculate
frequencies for each snp showing polymorphism and graphed. Found that they have a
transcription factor that regulates red blood cell production and concentration when
hypoxia is induced
Epas1
Rpm1 ✅codes for a peripheral plasma membrane protein that confers the ability of
plants to recognize bacterial pathogen that is carrying virulence factors
Transgene ✅gene or genetic material that has been transferred naturally, or by any of
a number of genetic engineering techniques from one organism to another.
Genome ✅the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
Transcriptome ✅m total of all the messenger rna molecules expressed from the genes
of an organism.
Clinal variation ✅a gradual change in an inherited characteristic across the geographic
range of a species, usually correlated with an environmental transition such as altitude,
temperature, or moisture.
Mimicry ✅the close external resemblance of an animal or plant (or part of one) to
another animal, plant, or inanimate object.
Functional effects of variants ✅method that show why heritable allelic or phenotypic
variation that affect fitness is not fixed
- the frequency of an allele depends on the environmental option/context with which it is
paired
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