Grade 12 Physical Sciences (Term 3) Summaries. These summaries are composed using the Platinum textbooks' work with examples and supplementary notes.
The summaries cover the following topics:
* Electric Circuits.
* Electrodynamics.
* Optical Phenomena and Properties of Materials.
...
Series-Parallel Circuits
Internal Resistance
• Series circuit – same current flows through
• Ohm’s Law: relationship between circuit every circuit element and sum of V across
resistance (R), voltage across battery (V), every circuit element = V across battery.
and current (I). • For 3 resistors in series: Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
• R= 𝐼
𝑉
• Parallel circuit – same voltage across every
• Emf of battery – energy required per unit element and sum of currents through each
charge to move charges inside battery from element = battery current.
1 1 1 1
one terminal to the other. • For 3 resistors in parallel: R = R + R + R
p 1 2 3
• Emf is the reading on voltmeter across • Series-parallel circuit – circuit consisting of 1
battery when the battery isn’t connected to or more resistors in series with one or more
C11:
Sample
circuit. parallel networks of resistors.
• Terminal voltage – voltage across battery • Short circuit – circuit with very low resistance
when battery is connected.
U1: Internal
path available for current to flow along
• V lower than emf. Resistance & Series- instead of flowing through higher resistance
• Internal resistance (r) – resistance of elements.
Parallel Networks
battery. • Open circuit – there’s a break that prevents
Summaries after sample
• ϵ = Vload + Vinternal resistance or ϵ = IRexternal + Ir
How to Connect Meters Safely
current flow through that part of the circuit.
• Step 1: Connect positive side of meter closest
to positive terminal of battery.
• Step 2: If more than 1 scale – connect largest
scale first.
• Step 3: If reading is smaller than minimum
value on smaller scale – change connector to
smaller scale.
, Series-Parallel Circuits
Internal Resistance
• Series circuit – same current flows through
• Ohm’s Law: relationship between circuit every circuit element and sum of V across
resistance (R), voltage across battery (V), every circuit element = V across battery.
and current (I). • For 3 resistors in series: Rs = R1 + R2 + R3
• R= 𝐼
𝑉
• Parallel circuit – same voltage across every
• Emf of battery – energy required per unit element and sum of currents through each
charge to move charges inside battery from element = battery current.
1 1 1 1
one terminal to the other. • For 3 resistors in parallel: R = R + R + R
p 1 2 3
• Emf is the reading on voltmeter across • Series-parallel circuit – circuit consisting of 1
battery when the battery isn’t connected to or more resistors in series with one or more
circuit. C11: parallel networks of resistors.
• Terminal voltage – voltage across battery • Short circuit – circuit with very low resistance
when battery is connected.
U1: Internal
path available for current to flow along
• V lower than emf. Resistance & Series- instead of flowing through higher resistance
• Internal resistance (r) – resistance of elements.
Parallel Networks
battery. • Open circuit – there’s a break that prevents
• ϵ = Vload + Vinternal resistance or ϵ = IRexternal + Ir current flow through that part of the circuit.
How to Connect Meters Safely
• Step 1: Connect positive side of meter closest
to positive terminal of battery.
• Step 2: If more than 1 scale – connect largest
scale first.
• Step 3: If reading is smaller than minimum
value on smaller scale – change connector to
smaller scale.
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