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PHGY 216 Exam Study Guide @
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PHGY 216 Exam Study Guide @2024-2025
regulating fluid balance - Answer the pituitary gland and kidneys work together to
maintain fluid levels through a negative feedback loop
-> Via hormonal control
-> ie. ADH/vasopressin
ADH - Answer antidiuretic hormone/ vasopressin
-> controls H2O permeability
-> Determines ECF Osmolarity
-> makes membrane PERMEABLE to H2O
-> release stimulated by stress, inhibited by alcohol
RAAS - Answer renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
-> Controls ECF volume
-> important role in regulation of Na+
Renin - Answer hormone (ENZ) secreted by the kidney into the blood; it raises blood
pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
-> Released from granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
-> Acts on Angiotensinogen
What stimulates the release of Renin? - Answer low blood pressure in the afferent
arteriole
-> low Na+ load (decreased NaCl)
-> increased sympathetic nerve activity
Need to expand the plasma volume to increase arteriolar pressure to normal
Angiotensin - Answer A normal blood protein produced by the liver, angiotensin is
converted to angiotensin I by renin (secreted by kidney when blood pressure falls).
-> Converted to Angiotensin 2 by ACE
ACE - Answer angiotensin-converting enzyme
-> converts Angiotensin to angiotensin II
, Aldosterone - Answer released from adrenal cortex
-> works at the distal tubule and collecting duct
-> increased Na+ reabsorption
-> Creates new Na+ channels + Na+/K+ ATPases
-> Promotes K+ secretion
-> release stimulated by increased K+ levels in the plasma
Granular cells - Answer secrete renin
-> in the juxtaglomerular apparatus
macula densa - Answer The cells of the distal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
They are receptors that monitor filtrate osmolarity as a means of regulating filtration
rate.
-> play a role in autoregulation
atrial natriuretic hormone - Answer hormone secreted by the atrial muscle cells that
regulates fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
-> stimulus for release = atrial stretch
-> promotes natriuresis, increases GFR, decreases cardiac output
ECF hypertonicity - Answer Dehydration
-> caused by insufficient water intake, heavy sweating, vomiting, osmotic diarrhea,
diabetes insipidus + diabetes mellitus
-> water moves out of the cells until ICF equilibrates with ECF
-> cells shrivel
-> compromises brain function
ECF hypotonicity - Answer Overhydration
-> caused by rapid H2O ingestion without electrolytes, excess ADH
-> fluid moves from ECF to ICF
Isotonic ECF disturbances - Answer Loss of fluid and electrolytes
Isotonic fluid loss - Answer isotonic dehydration;
Hemorrhage
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