2024 NURS 5315 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Metaplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSChanged cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is
replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation,
like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - CORRECT-ANSWERSMost common is change from
columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett
Esophagus caused by heart burn.
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSPeritoneal surfaces,
omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
CORRECT-ANSWERS1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with
fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-
CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeart
disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - CORRECT-ANSWERSAntioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
Hypertrophy - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncrease in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
, Hypertrophy examples - CORRECT-ANSWERSphysiologic hypertrophy-
skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when
a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncrease in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial
cancer
Dysplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSabnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - CORRECT-ANSWERSPre cancer pap smears often show
dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
How are free radicals produced? - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - CORRECT-ANSWERSProcess of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - CORRECT-ANSWERSPoint at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - CORRECT-ANSWERSHYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - CORRECT-ANSWERSHYPOpolarized
(more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Metaplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSChanged cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is
replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors, injury or irritation,
like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn
Metaplasia examples - CORRECT-ANSWERSMost common is change from
columnar cells to squamous cells (chronic smokers).
Less common is change from squamous to columnar cells, like in Barrett
Esophagus caused by heart burn.
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSPeritoneal surfaces,
omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), *liver*
The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: -
CORRECT-ANSWERS1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to
hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with
fatty acids to form triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-
CoA for ketogenesis and lipogenesis
What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause? - CORRECT-ANSWERSHeart
disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV
disease, HTN, HLD, DM, ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation,
damage proteins, fragment DNA, less *protein synthesis*, chromatin
destruction, damage mitochondria
What is the body's defense against ROS? - CORRECT-ANSWERSAntioxidants
(Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin,
transferrin)
Hypertrophy - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncrease in SIZE of cells, which will lead to
increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation or increased
functional demand.
, Hypertrophy examples - CORRECT-ANSWERSphysiologic hypertrophy-
skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting / when
a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in
hypertensive patients / *left ventricular hypertrophy*
Hyperplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSIncrease in NUMBER of cells. Results from
increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are capable of
mitosis (cell division).
Hyperplasia examples - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. Thickening of skin because of
hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus
and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the
endometrial lining undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial
cancer
Dysplasia - CORRECT-ANSWERSabnormal changes in the size, shape, and
organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell injury or irritation
Dysplasia examples - CORRECT-ANSWERSPre cancer pap smears often show
dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.
How are free radicals produced? - CORRECT-ANSWERS1. Normal cellular
respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical
action potential - CORRECT-ANSWERSProcess of conducting an impulse.
Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then repolarizes
Threshold potential - CORRECT-ANSWERSPoint at which depolarization must
reach in order to initiate an action potential
Hypokalemia and action potentials - CORRECT-ANSWERSHYPERpolarized
(more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular
excitability: weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac
dysrhythmias
Hyperkalemia and action potentials - CORRECT-ANSWERSHYPOpolarized
(more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
