BIOL 114 Midterm Exam (Answered) 158 Questions
and Correct Answers With Complete Verified Solution|
100% Correct| Updated Fall 2024/2025.
metastasis
What term is this? when malignant cells become invasive, cross basal lamina, enter the bloodstream,
and form secondary tumors elsewhere
yes
do malignant cells often dedifferentiate? ie. lose specialized function
5-7
how many different events are usually required for cancer formation?
chemicals, viruses
historically, the world of cancer research was divided into two camps that did not communicate with
each other - those that thought cancer resulted from exposure to__________________ in the
environment and those that though cancer was caused by ___________
epithelial cells
the most common forms of cancer arise from _________ _______
epithelial, mesenchymal, hematopoetic, and neuroectodermal
what are the four main types of cancers, classified by tissue of origin?
mesenchymal cells
what type of cell is this?
cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissues
hematopoetic cells
stem cells in bone marrow that differentiate into blood cells
neuroectodermal cells
neural stem cells that differentiate into neurons and glia
carcinoma
what type of cancer is this? arises from cells that form protective epithelia
adenocarcinoma
what type of cancer is this? arises from secretory epithelia
,sarcoma
what type of cancer is this? arises from mesenchymal tissues like bone, adipose (fatty) tissue and muscle
leukemia
what type of cancer is this? a cancer of hematopoetic tissue that circulates in the circulatory and
lymphatic system
lymphoma
what kind of cancer is this? a cancer of hematopoetic tissue that forms masses in the circulatory and
immune systems
bone marrow
where are hematopoetic stem cells located?
basal lamina
what term is this? the extracellular layer associated with a sheet of stem cells (basal layer) in epithelial
tissue
self-renew or differentiate
what are the two possible routes that ALL stem cells can undergo?
stromal cells
another term for mesenchymal cells
squamous layer
flat, scale-like epithelial cells comprising the outermost layer of epithelial tissue
in cervical epithelial tissue (and many other epithelial tissues), what is the order of differentiation?
Transient amplifying cells
what is another term used to describe progenitor cells?
dysplasia
this is the first stage of pathologically visible steps in the development of a cancer of epithelial tissue:
Benign precancerous tumor that can be identified by disorder in the patter of differentiation and dividing
cells that are no longer confined to the basal layer
Carcinoma in situ
, This is the second stage of pathologically visible steps in the development of a cancer in epithelial tissue:
Cell division and differentiation are much more disrupted that previously seen in dysplasia. All layers of
the epithelium contain dividing cells that are highly variable in size and karyotype
malignant carninoma
this is the third stage of pathologically visible steps in the development of cancer in epithelial tissue: cells
cross the basal lamina and enter underlying tissues. This allows them to enter the bloodstream and go
on to form tumors in other parts of the body i.e. metastasis
metalloproteases
metastasis requires that cells pick up the ability to chew through the basal lamina by activating
extracellular proteinases calles _________________________
environment
metastasis requires that malignant cells be able to tolerate a very different ________ in order to survive
clonal
Cancer proceeds in a stepwise fashion; the process follows a __________ progression
gain of function, dominant
Is an oncogenic mutation a loss of function or gain of function to the gene? Is it usually dominant or
recessive?
loss of function
is a tumor suppressor mutation a loss of function or gain of function to the gene?
proto-oncogene, tumor suppressor gene
what class of cancer-critical genes stimulate cell division and growth? What class of cancer-critical genes
regulate cell division?
single-stranded RNA
retroviruses are viruses with ______-________ RNA genomes
randomly
after reverse transcription, retroviruses integrate their double-stranded DNA __________ into the host
chromosome
LTR (Long terminal repeat)
retroviruses contain a promoter for transcription in a region known as the ___
gag, pol, env
what are the three genes common to retroviruses?
gag
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