Conservation of Natural Resources- Test 1 Questions With Answer
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Cons 022
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Conservation - careful and planned management of a resource in order to provide for its
continued use.
Natural resource - something from the earth/environment that is useful to humans
Sustainability/Sustainable Development - meeting the needs (and wants) of the current
generation w/out jeopar...
L2- Terminology and Definitions - CORRECT ANSWER--Characterizing biodiversity
-Describing species
-Measuring biodiversity
-Genetic diversity
-Ecosystem diversity
Characterizing Biodiversity - CORRECT ANSWER-Complete range of species &
biological communities
• It encompasses:
-Species diversity: sp can represent ecological and evolutionary adaptations to
environments
• Can also provide provisions of resources
-Genetic diversity: maintain reproductive vitality within populations
• Basis for adaptive change (e.g. disease resistance)
-Ecosystem diversity: collective response of sp in diff environments
• Provide crucial services
Characterizing Biodiversity Pt 2 - CORRECT ANSWER--Species diversity = all species
present on Earth
-Genetic diversity = genetic variation present within &
among populations
-Ecosystem diversity = different biological communities & their associations with
chemical/physical environment
Describing Species - CORRECT ANSWER-'A recognizable, discreet entity'
- Basic unit of biology and biodiversity
• Distinguished on the basis of:
• Morphology
• Biology
• Evolution
- Many other species concepts (>26!)
Describing Species
Species Concepts - CORRECT ANSWER-• Species concepts = different ideas for
distinguishing biological entities
-Morphological = visually distinct morphospecies
• If it looks different we assume diff sp
• Problem: Great Dane and Chihuahua are same sp
-Biological = reproductively isolated population of individuals
, • Problem: Polar Bear and Grizzly considered diff sp but can reproduce when they're in
the same habitat
-Evolutionary = individuals with similar genetic makeup
• Problem: humans and chimpanzees look very different but genetically very similar
Fast Facts - CORRECT ANSWER-- Species concepts are still debated and won't be
resolved anytime soon
- Morphological = do they look diff? (Linneaus; Mayr 1996)
- Biological = are they reproductively isolated? (Mayr 1942)
• Geographic isolation --> genetic drift --> reproductive isolation
- Genetic = are they genetically distinct? (Mallet 1995)
- Recognition = can they fertilize one another? (Patterson 1985)
• Only interested in true fertilization
- Cohesion = do mechanisms enforce gene flow? (Templeton 1989)
- Phylogenetic = do they have a shared ancestor in the past? (Hennig 1966)
- Evolutionary = do they have shared ancestry, genetics, reproduction and ecology?
(Wiley 1978)
- Ecological = do they have similar functions?v
Measuring Diversity - CORRECT ANSWER-- Species richness = number spp. in given
area
- Species evenness = proportions of each sp. in given area
- Richness and evenness combined = total diversity
- High biodiversity is perceived as 'good', 'healthy' & 'desirable'
Measuring Diversity
Part 2 - CORRECT ANSWER--Diversity needs to be measured at various spatial scales
• Ants will have diff spatial scale than elephants
-Alpha diversity = number spp. in a given area
-Beta diversity = description of species composition change ACROSS areas (G/A)
-Gamma diversity = number of spp. at large spatial scale
• Several diff areas coming together
Other Ways of Measuring Diverisity - CORRECT ANSWER-- Shannon diversity index =
more complex calculation that assesses the relative abundance of species
- Emphasizes rare sp
- Simpsons places more weight on common sp
𝐻 = ∑[Ρ𝜄× ln Ρ𝜄 ]
- Ρ = negative sum of the proportion of each species
- i = each species
- ln = natural log
- Numbers of spp. + proportions of each matter!
- Few spp. in high numbers + several spp. in low numbers is not a very diverse
community
- The more equal abundance of each species the higher H-value
- These calculations can be performed at diff spatial scales
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