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phm 321 exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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phm 321 exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
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phm 321 exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutionsa drug sold OTC has multiple names. how many (minimum)
names does a drug have, and what are they? Correct Answers
1. chemical name: unique to compound, describes molecular
structure
2. generic name: not capitalized, unique to compound (a few
exceptions), simpler than chemical name
3. trade or brand name: always capitalized, active ingredient can
change, multiple brands contain same drug
ex.
Acetaminophen
- chemical name: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol
- generic name: acetaminophen (US), paracetamol (Great
Britain, others)
- brand names: Tylenol, Panadol, component of many OTC
products
As presented in the lecture, what are the three main types of
pain? What drugs/drug classes are used to treat each type?
Correct Answers - somatic pain: originates from
musculoskeletal system, muscles, joints, skin
- visceral pain: originates from internal organs, often severe
- neuropathic pain: originates from nervous system, does not
signal injury or disease, treated by other agents
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): mild to
moderate somatic pain, headache, mentstrual pain
- opiates (only by prescritpiton): severe somatic pain, visceral
pain
,Besides allergic rhinitis, for what conditions are sedating
antihistamines used? Correct Answers marketed as a sleep aid
Besides coffee, what other foods, beverages, and consumer
products contain caffeine and related compounds? Correct
Answers - chocolate, some soft drinks, energy drinks, tea, and
some otc drugs and weight loss supplements
besides prescription and OTC drugs, what are some other
common sources of drugs? Correct Answers - components of
foods and beverages (caffeine and alcohol)
- nicotine containing product (tobacco, e-cigarettes)
- some supplements, natural products, etc.
Besides prevention of acute asthma attacks, what is an
advantage of using inhaled corticosteroids to manage asthma?
What is the mechanism of action underlying this effect? Correct
Answers reduce inflammation and prevent airway remodeling
- very little side effects because there is very little systemic
absorption
*reverses pathological airway changes*
By what mechanism do NSAIDs work to relieve pain, fever, and
inflammation? What is the molecular target of this drug class?
Correct Answers inhibit sensitization of nociceptors by
inhibiting the COX enzyme so the arachidonic acid is not
converted to prostaglandins
Do decaffeinated products decrease caffeine intake? How is the
extracted caffeine used? Correct Answers - decaffeinated
products have a substantially lowered caffeine content
,- extracted caffeine is added to beverages or formulated into
tablets
Does convincing evidence exist that the OTC products marketed
to treat cough actually work? Correct Answers no
For allergic rhinitis, how are corticosteroids administered and
why? What are the common adverse effects? Correct Answers
- minimal adverse effects with intranasal administration (local
exposure)
- systemic exposure due to oral administration:
immunosuppression, cataracts, osteoporosis, hypertension if
high dosage for prolonged treatment
Historically, what different roles has ethanol played in human
civilization? How has use of ethanol changed throughout human
history? Correct Answers - when food was scarce, ethanol in
fermented fruit may have been critical for survival (could be
cause of compulsive drinking now)
Historically, what two categories of anti-viral drugs are used to
treat influenza? How do they work? Which type remains
efficacious against influenza? Which type is not recommended
due to the development of resistance? Correct Answers 1.
tricyclic amines: - inhibit viral replication (influenza A only)
- no longer recommend because of resistance
2. sialic acid analogs:
- resemble sialic acid, bind to and inhibit neuraminidase (no
cleavage - no new virus released), aggregation of viral particals
on cell surface
- still efficacious against influenza
, How are long-acting β2 agonists and anti-leukotriene drugs used
in asthma management? What are the mechanisms of action of
the two types of anti-leukotriene drugs available? What is the
route of administration? Correct Answers - long-acting β2
agonists: activate β2 receptors on airway smooth muscle and
cause bronchial smooth muscle relaxation, administered by
inhalation and always combined with inhaled corticosteroid
- anti-leukotriene drugs:
1. Zileuton (Zyflo): inhibits 5-lipoxygenase, decreases synthesis
of leukotrienes and improves lung function, oral administration
2. Montelukast (Singulair): Leukotriene receptor antagonist,
blocks effect of leukotrienes (reversible), decreases
bronchoconstriction, decreases inflammation, oral
administration
how are prescription drugs regulated by the FDA? how are OTC
drugs regulated by the FDA? Correct Answers prescription:
safety and efficacy must be demonstrated, NDA approval
process
otc: considered safe and effective, drug monograph
How are the microbes responsible for the common cold and
influenza transmitted from one person to another? Correct
Answers inhaling virus through nose or mouth (talking, yelling,
breathing, touching something an infected person has touched)
How can a healthy adult minimize the chance of contracting a
common cold or influenza? What additional measure can a
person take to prevent influenza? Correct Answers washing
hands, avoiding people who are sick, getting a flu shot
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