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AP Bio 43-48 Exam| Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100%
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Innate Immunity - Defense from abnormal body cells, present prior to pathogen exposure and works
from time of birth. Nonspecific.



Acquired Immunity - Develops post-exposure to inducing agents. Very Specific.



Antibodies - Defensive proteins lymphocytes secrete in hormonal response



Lymphocytes - White blood cells, responsible for acquired immunity recognition.



Lysosome - Antimicrobial protein, enzyme that digests cell walls of many bacteria.



Phagocytosis - Attach to prey with surface receptors that don't bind to normal body cells. Engulfs
microbe, forming vacuole that fuses with lysosome, from bone marrow.



Inflammatory Response - Chemically triggered post physical injury or entry of pathogens



Histamine - One of the most active chemicals in Inflammatory Response. Stored in mast cells (in
connective tissue). Triggers the dilation of capillaries



B Lymphocytes - Stay in bone marrow, circulate in blood, recognize antigens with antigen specific
receptors in plasma membrane



T Lymphocytes - From Thymus, circulate in blood, recognize antigens with antigen specific receptors in
plasma membrane.



Cytokines - Secreted by phagocytes. Proteins that help active lymphocytes and other cells of the
immune system.

, Antigens - Large proteins or polysaccharides. an dissolve in extracellular fluid or protrude from surface
of pathogens/ transplanted cells



T Cell Receptor - Antigen receptor with 2 polypeptide chains linked with disulfide bridge



R Cell Receptor - Y Shaped molecule with 4 polypeptide chains



Effector Cells - Large number produced from one lymphocyte daughter clone. Short lived and combat
the same antigen



Memory Cells - From the other lymphocyte daughter clone. Long-living cells with receptors for the same
inducing antigen.



Primary Immune Response - Selective proliferation and differentiation of lymphocytes that occurs the
first time the body is exposed to a particular antigen/



Secondary Immune Response - Occurs the second time an individual is exposed to the microbe. Much
faster response time.



Humoral Immune Response - Involves the activation and clonal selection of B ells, making production of
secreted anti-bodies that circulate in blood and lymph



Hormones - Chemical signal secreted to extracellular fluid carried by circulatory system and
communicates regulatory messages with in the body. Maintains homeostasis! Long-distance chemical
regulators.



Endocrine System - All of an animal's hormone-secreting cells



Negative Feedback - The effector response decreases initial stimulus



Positive Feedback - Reinforces stimulus and leads to greater response

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