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AP Biology Semester 1 review | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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AP Biology Semester 1 review | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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AP Biology Semester 1 review | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded |100% Verified
Glycolysis - reactions, carried out in the cytoplasm, that break down glucose into two molecules of
pyruvate (3 carbon molecule), producing two ATP molecules
Activation Energy - The energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Calvin Cycle - Synthesizes sugar from the energy captured in ATP and NADPH in the light reactions -
associated with the stroma
Active Site - The region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalytic function
of the enzyme.
Aerobic Respiration - oxygen-requiring reactions, occurring in mitochondria
Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) - A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and two
phosphate groups
Matrix - the fluid contained within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) - cycle series of reactions in which pyruvate molecules produced are
broken down to CO2, forming ATP and NADH
Light Reactions - Chlorophyll and other molecules capture sunlight energy and convert it to chemical
energy stored in ATP and NADPH-associated with the thylakoid
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three
phosphate groups.
Noncompetitive Inhibition -
, Lactic acid fermentation - A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid that follows
glycolysis and regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces Lactic Acid, occurs in
bacteria and human muscle cells experiencing oxygen debt.
Alcoholic fermentation - A series of anaerobic chemical reactions using pyruvic acid. Follows glycolysis
and regenerates the NAD+ needed for glycolysis to occur. Produces alcohol and CO2 as byproducts, used
by yeast cells in anaerobic conditions.
Competitive Inhibition - The process by which two ore more molecules that are somewhat similar in
structure compete for the active site of an enzyme.
Stoma (stomata) - Pores in the epidermis-mouths of the plant-open and close to exchange CO2, O2, and
H2O vapor
Endergonic - Pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy.
Stroma - Fluid enclosed in the chloroplasts
Enzyme - A protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions.
Thylakoid - Inner most membrane of chloroplast arranged into disk shaped stacks.
Exergonic - Pertaining to a chemical reaction that liberates energy (either as heat or in the form of
increased entropy); a "downhill" reaction.
Metabolism - The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all cells of a
multicellular organism.
Cell size is limited by - surface to volume ratios
water potential gradient - The maximum value is 0. More solute= lower water potential (becomes a
negative value)
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