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BACE Knowledge Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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BACE Knowledge Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {} A+ Graded | 100% Verified
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BACE Knowledge Exam | Questions And Answers Latest {2024- 2025} A+ Graded | 100%Verified
Covalent - sharing electrons between atoms
Polar Covalent - a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms; ex. water
Ionic - complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms
Carbs - CHO
Lipids - CHOP (phosphorus in phospholipids only)
Proteins - CHON
Nucleic acids - CHONP
Homo - same uniform appearance and composition
Hetero - visibly different substances of phases
Aerobic - with air, cellular respiration
Anaerobic - without air, lactic acid fermentation, or alcohol fermentation (ethanol)
Enzymes and reaction rates - Enzymes increase reaction rates by decreasing activation
energy
DNA structure and function - double helix; made up of nucleotides, G-C A-T, genetic
code, sugar-phosphate backbone, hydrogen bonds between nucleotides
Transcription - Turning DNA to RNA, occurs in the nucleus in eukaryotes, occurs in
cytoplasm for prokaryotes, DNA copied into RNA by RNA polymerase
Protein structure and function - Intercellular joining
Enzymatic activity
Transport
Cell-cell recognition
Anchorage
Signal transduction
Translation and gene expression - (After transcription) mRNA is turned into amino acids
which become proteins.
, In Eukaryotes: mRNA is read through a ribosome in sets of codons, then tRNA brings
an anticodon which begins to create an amino acid chain which eventually as it grows
creates a protein
In prokaryotes: occur in cytoplasm
Cell theory - cells are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms
Physiology of cells - Cell wall: shape and protein
Cell membrane: regulates interaction between cell and its environment, selectively
permeable
Cytoplasm: contains all organelles and cell parts
Nuclear Membrane: allows certain substances to go in and out of the nucleus
Nucleus: contains DNA
Mitochondria: creates ATP, cellular respiration
Physiology of cell - Chloroplasts: creates glucose/food for the plant through
photosynthesis
Golgi: package and transmit cellular material throughout the cell
Vacuole: store water, waste, etc.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): materials are processed and moved around inside the cell
Lysosomes: contain digestive enzymes that break down food and waste
Cytoskeleton: helps the cell maintain its shape, animal cells
Interaction between cells, and between cells and their environment - Certain molecules
can enter or exit a cell through the cell membrane. It is selectively permeable which
means certain nonpolar ionic molecules can pass through but polar ones cannot diffuse
through. Molecules may enter by diffusing through the membrane, protein channels, or
endocytosis
Cell division - Mitosis: interphase + 4 stages, somatic cells, 2 identical diploid daughter
cells
Meiosis: interphase + 8 stages, gamete cells, sexual reproduction, produces 4 different
haploid cells, genetic variation
Cell staining and the difference between Gram positive/negative cells - Gram positive:
cell walls with thick layers of peptidoglycan PURPLE
Gram negative: cell walls with tin layer of peptidoglycan PINK
Immune system - When the immune system recognizes the foreign antigens B
lymphocytes make antibodies to kill the antigens. T cells remember these antibodies
and if your body encounters the specific antigen again, the T cells provide you immunity
by knowing how to kill the antigen
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