Unit 1: Introduction to Psychology Exam Study
Guide with Complete Solutions
Rene Descartes - Correct Answer Seventeenth century philosopher who believed in "dualism", that
the mind/soul are separate from the body. He described animal spirits or fluids in the body that
contribute to reflexes.
Wilhelm Wundt - Correct Answer Considered the founder of psychology for creating the first
psychology lab at his college in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
William James - Correct Answer Started the first course in psychology in America at Harvard. He
wrote the first psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology. He founded the early perspective
called functionalism.
John Watson - Correct Answer Considered the "father" of the Behavioral perspective. He rejected
Freud's ideas about the unconscious mind and classically conditioned an 11-month old baby to fear
furry objects.
Sigmund Freud - Correct Answer Developed the perspective called psychoanalysis, now
psychodynamics, which focuses on revealing the hidden desires of the unconscious mind and
repressed memories.
Behavioral Perspective - Correct Answer This approach focuses on observable behaviors that are
learned and can be measured.
Humanistic Perspective - Correct Answer Emphasizes the human potential towards growth and self-
actualization.
Cognitive Perspective - Correct Answer Focuses on the mental processes of memory, thinking, and
language that help people make decisions and solve problems.
Psychodynamic Perspective - Correct Answer This was once called Psychoanalysis and emphasizes
the idea that humans' unconscious minds and repressed memories influence their behavior.
Biological or Neuroscience Perspective - Correct Answer Focuses on how the brain and the body
interact with one another to influence behavior and mental processes,
, Industrial/Organizational Psychology - Correct Answer This subfield of psychology focuses on how to
increase worker motivation and productivity.
Developmental Psychology - Correct Answer This subfield of psychology focuses on the maturation
process of humans across the life span.
Clinical Psychology - Correct Answer This field of psychology focuses on the study, diagnosis, and
treatment of psychological disorders.
Counseling - Correct Answer This field of psychology focuses on the treatment of individuals
experiencing stress from everyday events like divorce or job loss.
Psychiatrist - Correct Answer This is a medical doctor who specializes on the diagnosis and treatment
of individuals with mental illness. This doctor can prescribe medicinal drugs for patients.
Nature v. Nurture controversy - Correct Answer This is one of the most important debates in
psychology. It relates to the issue of whether or not traits such as personality are inherited or
learned.
Educational Psychologists - Correct Answer These psychologists assess and counsel students, consult
with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when needed.
Health Psychology - Correct Answer This field focuses on the biological, psychological, and social
factors involved in health and illness.
Sports Psychology - Correct Answer This field helps athletes increase motivation, focus on their
game, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure.
Hypothesis - Correct Answer This is a testable prediction about how two or more factors are likely to
be related.
Independent Variable - Correct Answer This is the variable in an experiment that is being tested and
can be manipulated by the experimenter.
Dependent Variable - Correct Answer The variable which shows the measurable results in an
experiment.
Guide with Complete Solutions
Rene Descartes - Correct Answer Seventeenth century philosopher who believed in "dualism", that
the mind/soul are separate from the body. He described animal spirits or fluids in the body that
contribute to reflexes.
Wilhelm Wundt - Correct Answer Considered the founder of psychology for creating the first
psychology lab at his college in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
William James - Correct Answer Started the first course in psychology in America at Harvard. He
wrote the first psychology textbook, The Principles of Psychology. He founded the early perspective
called functionalism.
John Watson - Correct Answer Considered the "father" of the Behavioral perspective. He rejected
Freud's ideas about the unconscious mind and classically conditioned an 11-month old baby to fear
furry objects.
Sigmund Freud - Correct Answer Developed the perspective called psychoanalysis, now
psychodynamics, which focuses on revealing the hidden desires of the unconscious mind and
repressed memories.
Behavioral Perspective - Correct Answer This approach focuses on observable behaviors that are
learned and can be measured.
Humanistic Perspective - Correct Answer Emphasizes the human potential towards growth and self-
actualization.
Cognitive Perspective - Correct Answer Focuses on the mental processes of memory, thinking, and
language that help people make decisions and solve problems.
Psychodynamic Perspective - Correct Answer This was once called Psychoanalysis and emphasizes
the idea that humans' unconscious minds and repressed memories influence their behavior.
Biological or Neuroscience Perspective - Correct Answer Focuses on how the brain and the body
interact with one another to influence behavior and mental processes,
, Industrial/Organizational Psychology - Correct Answer This subfield of psychology focuses on how to
increase worker motivation and productivity.
Developmental Psychology - Correct Answer This subfield of psychology focuses on the maturation
process of humans across the life span.
Clinical Psychology - Correct Answer This field of psychology focuses on the study, diagnosis, and
treatment of psychological disorders.
Counseling - Correct Answer This field of psychology focuses on the treatment of individuals
experiencing stress from everyday events like divorce or job loss.
Psychiatrist - Correct Answer This is a medical doctor who specializes on the diagnosis and treatment
of individuals with mental illness. This doctor can prescribe medicinal drugs for patients.
Nature v. Nurture controversy - Correct Answer This is one of the most important debates in
psychology. It relates to the issue of whether or not traits such as personality are inherited or
learned.
Educational Psychologists - Correct Answer These psychologists assess and counsel students, consult
with educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when needed.
Health Psychology - Correct Answer This field focuses on the biological, psychological, and social
factors involved in health and illness.
Sports Psychology - Correct Answer This field helps athletes increase motivation, focus on their
game, and deal with anxiety and fear of failure.
Hypothesis - Correct Answer This is a testable prediction about how two or more factors are likely to
be related.
Independent Variable - Correct Answer This is the variable in an experiment that is being tested and
can be manipulated by the experimenter.
Dependent Variable - Correct Answer The variable which shows the measurable results in an
experiment.
