Test Bank - Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse 1ST Edition Lucie By Dlugasch, Lachel Story | Complete 2023/2024
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Test bank For Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced
Practice Nurse 2nd Edition by Lucie Dlugasch Lachel Story|
9781284255614 | All Chapters with Answers and Rationals
what is ventilation? - ANSWER: inspiration (acquiring oxygen) and expiring (removing CO2)
Describe the different measures of ventilation. - ANSWER: - Tidal Volume (TV)--volume of air going in
and out at rest
- Vital Capacity (VC)--maximal amount of air that can deliberately be moved in or out of lungs with
forced inhalation AND exhalation
- Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)--maximal amount of air that is exhaled from lungs during forced
exhalation
- Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV1)--maximal amount of air that can be expired in one
second
- Residual Volume (RV)--volume of air that remains in lungs after maximal expiration
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC)--sum of VC and RV
What is diffusion in the sense of ventilation? what factors affect the diffusion rate? - ANSWER: Oxygen
entering cells, CO2 leaving lungs;
affected by...
- solubility (CO2 is more soluble)
- pressure
- membrane permeability
What is the partial pressure of oxygen? - ANSWER: dissolved oxygen in the plasma, specifically in the
arteries; ~1-13% of body's total oxygen is located in the plasma
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide? - ANSWER: dissolved CO2 in the plasma, specifically in
the arteries
What is oxygen saturation? - ANSWER: the amount of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen
i.e. amount of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), or the oxygen-hemoglobin combination
What is diffusing capacity? - ANSWER: - the measurement of CO, O2, or NO transfer from inspired gas
to pulmonary circulation
- reflects volume of gas that diffuses each minute
What are two mechanisms for disrupting ventilation? - ANSWER: 1. narrowing of airways
2. disruption of neuronal transmissions needed to stimulate mechanics of breathing
What are examples of impaired ventilation-perfusion matching? - ANSWER: areas of lung are well
ventilated but not perfused or vice versa
e.g. oversedation, drug overdose
(the lungs are either not getting enough blood or enough O2)
, What properties impact the rate of diffusion? - ANSWER: depends on solubility & partial pressure of
gas, surface area and thickness of membranes;
- increase in partial pressure from increase in temp and barometric pressure
- decrease in partial pressure from hypothermia or high altitude
Differentiate hypoxemia, hypoxia, and hypercapnia. - ANSWER: - Hypoxemia: decreased oxygen in
arterial blood (leading to decrease in oxygen partial pressure)
- Hypoxia: cells are deprived of adequate O2; results from hypoxemia (you can't measure hypoxia)
- Hypercapnia: increased CO2 in the blood
What are the general manifestations of impaired ventilation and diffusion? - ANSWER: - inflammatory
process (remember this includes vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, and exudate
formation)
- pain in airways, lungs, chest
- cough
- excess mucous production
- hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
what is cyanosis? - ANSWER: a bluish discoloration of the skin resulting from poor circulation or
inadequate oxygenation of the blood; also caused by greater proportion of desaturated hemoglobin
What is the most reliable indicator of central cyanosis on examination? - ANSWER: bluish color
What are the various laboratory and diagnostic tests used to diagnose altered ventilation/diffusion? -
ANSWER: - pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
- arterial blood gases (ABGs)
- pulse oximetry--oxygen saturation
- bronchoscopy
What is pneumonia? What is the etiology? - ANSWER: Inflammation of the lungs, specifically within
the bronchioles, interstitial lung tissue, or alveoli
- caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi)
- fluid in alveoli
What is the pathophysiology of pneumonia? What are the clinical manifestations? - ANSWER:
pathogens escape cough reflex, mucociliary layer, and macrophages --> inflammatory response -->
alveoli fill with exudate --> other products accumulate and cause consolidation (solid mass in lung
tissue)
what are some diagnostic tests for pneumonia? - ANSWER: sputum samples
chest x ray
blood samples (WBC levels)
what is COPD? - ANSWER: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: an umbrella term describing all
chronic obstructive lung problems
- asthma
- emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
*may be a combination of these
what is a good test for severity of COPD? what values are of interest? - ANSWER: spirometry
- FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second)
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