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Samenvatting Algemene Psychologie
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Een samenvatting waarbij de uitleg met veel voorbeelden wordt gestaafd. Duidelijke lay-out. Met deze volledige samenvatting heb ik een 13/20 behaald.
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ALGEMENE PSYCHOLOGIEINHOUDSOPGAVE
1. Kennismaking met de psychologie ............................................................................................................. 7
1.1 Een definitie van de psychologie ......................................................................................................... 7
1.2 Wetenschappelijke psychologie en intuïtieve mensenkennis ............................................................. 7
1.2.1 Verschillen in het verzamelen van gegevens ............................................................................... 7
1.2.1.1 OBJECTIEVE VASTSTELLINGEN .............................................................................................. 8
1.2.1.2 SYSTEMATISCHE OBSERVATIES............................................................................................ 10
1.2.1.3 IN GECONTROLEERDE SITUATIES ........................................................................................ 10
1.2.2 Verschillen in het zoeken naar samenhang................................................................................ 11
1.3 Geschiedenis van de psychologie ...................................................................................................... 19
1.3.1 De verre voorgeschiedenis ......................................................................................................... 19
1.3.2 De meer directe voorgeschiedenis ............................................................................................ 20
1.3.3 De psychologie als wetenschap van het bewustzijn .................................................................. 22
1.3.4 De behavioristische revolutie..................................................................................................... 23
1.3.5 Nieuwe klemtonen in Europa .................................................................................................... 24
1.3.6 Amerika en de herontdekking van het innerlijke ....................................................................... 25
1.3.7 Hedendaagse stromingen in de psychologie ............................................................................. 28
1.4 Studiedomeinen binnen de psychologie ........................................................................................... 33
1.4.1 Theoretische psychologie........................................................................................................... 33
1.4.2 Toegepaste psychologie ............................................................................................................. 35
2. Het zenuwstelsel ...................................................................................................................................... 43
2.1 De bouwstenen van het zenuwstelsel ............................................................................................... 43
2.1.1 Structuur van de neuronen ........................................................................................................ 44
2.1.2 De signaalgeleiding .................................................................................................................... 46
2.2 Structuur van het zenuwstelsel ......................................................................................................... 53
2.2.1 Het zenuwstelsel in zijn geheel .................................................................................................. 53
2.2.2 Verdere indeling van de hersenen ............................................................................................. 59
2.3 Functionele gebieden op de cerebrale cortex................................................................................... 65
2.3.1 Soorten cortex gebieden ............................................................................................................ 66
2.3.2 Primaire zones ............................................................................................................................ 67
2.3.3 Associatiezones .......................................................................................................................... 69
2.3.4 Hemisfeerspecialisatie ............................................................................................................... 73
3. De waarneming: constructie van een aangepast wereldbeeld ............................................................... 81
3.1 Het waarnemingsproces in vogelvlucht ............................................................................................ 81
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, 3.1.1 De lange weg van prikkel tot waarneming................................................................................. 81
3.1.2 Drie psychologen activiteiten..................................................................................................... 85
3.2 Waarnemen is selecteren.................................................................................................................. 86
3.2.1 De verschillende zintuigen ......................................................................................................... 86
3.2.2 Het waarneembare spectrum .................................................................................................... 88
3.2.3 De minimumintensiteit van de prikkels ..................................................................................... 89
3.2.4 De differentiële gevoeligheid ..................................................................................................... 90
3.2.5 De selectieve aandacht .............................................................................................................. 91
3.3 Waarnemen is structuren .................................................................................................................. 95
3.3.1 Figuur en achtergrond................................................................................................................ 95
3.3.2 Structureringsfactoren ............................................................................................................... 97
3.3.3 Herkennen van gestalten ......................................................................................................... 101
3.3.4 Waarnemingsconstanties ......................................................................................................... 102
3.3.5 Waarnemingsillusies ................................................................................................................ 103
3.3.6 Culturele verschillen in het structureringsproces .................................................................... 105
3.4 Waarnemen is interpreteren ........................................................................................................... 106
3.4.1 De rol van vroegere ervaringen................................................................................................ 106
3.4.2 De dynamisch- affectieve ingesteldheid .................................................................................. 106
3.4.3 Invloed vanuit de bredere situatie ........................................................................................... 107
4. Het geheugen ......................................................................................................................................... 113
4.1 De vele betekenissen van het woord ‘geheugen’ ............................................................................ 113
4.1.1 Automatisch en bewust nawerking van geheugeninhouden .................................................. 113
4.1.2 Verschillen in tijdsduur en capaciteit ....................................................................................... 114
4.2 De inprenting ................................................................................................................................... 123
4.2.1 Structurering van het materiaal ............................................................................................... 124
4.2.2 Passende cues of ophaalaanwijzingen ..................................................................................... 126
4.3 De latentieperiode........................................................................................................................... 131
4.3.1 Beschrijving van het vergeetproces ......................................................................................... 131
4.3.2 Waardoor vergeten we? .......................................................................................................... 133
4.3.3 Vergeten als probleem en als pluspunt ................................................................................... 134
4.4 De reproductie................................................................................................................................. 135
4.4.1 Het oproepen van herinneringen ............................................................................................ 135
4.4.2 Geheugenvervorming .............................................................................................................. 136
5. Leerprocessen ........................................................................................................................................ 143
5.1 Soorten leerprocessen .................................................................................................................... 143
5.2 Klassieke conditionering .................................................................................................................. 145
5.2.1 Het eigenlijkje conditioneringsproces...................................................................................... 145
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, 5.2.2 Bijkomende processen ............................................................................................................. 146
5.2.3 Een cognitieve interpretatie van klassieke conditionering ...................................................... 149
5.2.4 Toepassingen van klassieke conditionering ............................................................................. 152
5.3 Operante conditionering ................................................................................................................. 156
5.3.1 Leren door gissen en missen.................................................................................................... 156
5.3.2 Een cognitieve interpretatie van operant leren ....................................................................... 157
5.3.3 Operante conditioneringsmechanismen ................................................................................. 161
5.3.4 Toepassingen van operante conditionering ............................................................................. 164
5.4 Modeling ......................................................................................................................................... 167
5.5 Priming ............................................................................................................................................ 169
6. Emoties................................................................................................................................................... 175
6.1 De plaats van emoties in het gedrag ............................................................................................... 175
6.1.1 Emoties, gevoelens, en stemmingen ....................................................................................... 175
6.1.2 Op het snijpunt tussen cognitie en motivatie .......................................................................... 176
6.2 Autonome lichaamsveranderingen bij emoties .............................................................................. 177
6.2.1 De belangrijkste lichaamsveranderingen ................................................................................. 177
6.2.2 Biologisch nut van autonome lichaamsveranderingen ............................................................ 180
6.3 De psychologische aspecten van emoties ....................................................................................... 183
6.3.1 Het belevingsaspect van emoties ............................................................................................ 183
6.3.2 Expressie van emoties .............................................................................................................. 184
6.4 Theorieën over emoties .................................................................................................................. 185
6.4.1 De perifere en de centrale theorie over emoties .................................................................... 185
6.4.2 Cognitieve theorieën................................................................................................................ 186
6.4.3 Poging tot synthese .................................................................................................................. 187
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