,1. Question : A 65-year-old female patient presents with
shortness of breath, fatigue, and bilateral leg edema.
Echocardiography reveals a reduced ejection fraction. What is the
most likely diagnosis?
- A. Myocarditis
- B. Pulmonary embolism
- C. Congestive heart failure
- D. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Answer : C. Congestive heart failure
Rationale : These symptoms, along with a reduced ejection
fraction, are indicative of congestive heart failure.
2. Question : Which cytokine is primarily involved in the
pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis?
- A. IL-1
- B. TNF-α
- C. IL-6
- D. IL-10
, Answer : B. TNF-α
Rationale : Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a
significant role in the inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis.
3. Question : In which condition is the presence of Reed-
Sternberg cells a diagnostic hallmark?
- A. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- B. Hodgkin lymphoma
- C. Multiple myeloma
- D. Chronic myeloid leukemia
Answer : B. Hodgkin lymphoma
Rationale : Reed-Sternberg cells are characteristic of Hodgkin
lymphoma and are used to differentiate it from other lymphomas.
### Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
4. Question : The genetic disorder characterized by a defect in
the CFTR gene, leading to the production of thick mucus, is
known as __________.
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