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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT QUESTIONSAND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
3 domains of Child Development - ANSWER Cognitive development, Social development, and Physical
development
Jean Piaget - ANSWER Swiss Psychologist.
- Observed behavior patterns in children.
- his contributions help educators understand how children think, fell and respond to the world.
- his theory proposes that cognitive development begins with a child's innate ability to adapt to the
environment, and that development is a result of the child's interface with the physical world, social
experiences, and physcial maturation.
- Children actively move through new life experiences and form new ways to modify and adapt to the
world. The child's mind seeks to find a state of equilibrium while moving through each state of
operation.
Piaget's 4 stages of Cognitive Development - ANSWER 1. sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs), 2. preoperational
(2-7), 3. concrete operations (7-11), and formal operations (12-18)
Cognitive Development - ANSWER Transformations in a child's thought, language, and intelligence
Conservation - ANSWER it's a conceptual tool that allows a child to recognize that when altering the
appearance of an object, the basic properties do not change.
example: a short fat glass and a tall skinny glass, a child will identify the taller glass as having more, even
though both have the same amount.
- Piaget used this concept referring to numbers, weight, volume and matter.
-A young child fails to master this task because the way things look influences how the child thinks
-Based on Einstein's famous formula, E = mc², which states that mass and energy can be transformed
from one to the other, but their total amount is fixed (conserved) so that it neither increases nor
decreases
Adaptation - ANSWER essintial to Piaget's fundamental stages of development. Children adjust to new
information about their environment in order to function more effectively.
This process is done by two Fundamental concepts:
-Assimilation
-Accommodation
Assimilation - ANSWER -Refers to the way children incorporate new information with existing schemes in
order to form a new cognitive structure
--Children fit this new knowledge into a template of existing schemes
Example: A preschool child calls a lion "doggie" because the child only knows one type of four-legged
animal.
Accommodation - ANSWER Occurs when children take existing schemes and adjust them to fit their
experience
,Example: A preschool child plays with the keys on a piano to hear the different sounds of musical notes.
When he tries this with an electric keyboard, he quickly learns that the keyboard must be turned on
before it can be played. He must accommodate this new information to fit the experience.
Piaget's Cognitive Learning Process - ANSWER
Four assumptions of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - ANSWER 1. Children are organically
inspired to think, learn, and comprehend
2. Children see the world differently than adults
3. Children's knowledge is ordered into mental structures called schemas
4. All learning consists of assimilation and accommodation
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - ANSWER Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy
-Age: birth-2 years
-Characteristics: Infant's physical response to immediate surroundings
Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood
-Age: 2-7 years
-Characteristics: Egocentric—Focus on symbolic thought and imagination
Stage 3 - Concrete Operations Period: Middle Childhood
-Age: 7-11 years
-Characteristics: Mastery of conservation—Child begins to think logically
Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence
-Age: 12 years-adult
-Characteristics: Thinking based on abstract principles
Stage 1 - Sensorimotor Period: Infancy (birth-2 years) - ANSWER -Behavior is based upon the infant's
physical responses to immediate surroundings
-Infants mentally organize and perceive their world through their sensory systems (i.e., what they touch,
see, feel, hear, smell, etc.)
-It is almost by mishap that the infant discovers that his physical reflexes have an impact on the world
around him as the infant moves from reflexive actions to representational (symbolic) thought
-This transition follows a series of increasingly progressive skills
-During this period, infants are at the center of their universe (egocentrism)
*** Think about how infants use their sense to become familiar to the new world.
Stage 2 - Preoperational Period: Early Childhood (2-7 years) - ANSWER -Development of symbolic
thought and imagination is boundless
-In striving to understand their world, around age 5, children begin to ask a multitude of "why" questions
-Children can reason intuitively, and representational thought has emerged
-Children continue to make errors in spoken language
, -There is a dramatic difference in the child's development as each year passes
-Children love to hear stories, sing songs, and recite nursery rhymes
-Independent and cooperative play become important during this stage
-By about age 6, a child's language development (particularly the child's ability to be a better
conversationalist) is dramatically different from that of a 2-year-old
-Language increases rapidly as children learn many new words each day
Stage 3 - Concrete Operations Period: Middle Childhood (7-11 years) - ANSWER -Child has ability to solve
simple problems while thinking about multiple dimensions of information
-Children can now "think about thinking" (metacognition)
-Children understand the world through trial and error
-Children cannot yet think abstractly, but they do understand the distinction between appearance and
reality if presented in terms of tangible objects
-Child has clear sense of seriation, transitivity, reversibility, and conservation
-Child has the ability to set his own values as he becomes more subjective in moral judgements
Stage 4 - Formal Operations Period: Adolescence (12 years-adult) - ANSWER -Mental transformations
experienced during adolescence are logical and continue to progress beyond the skills developed during
childhood
-Adolescent has the ability to reason abstractly and solve complex problems, thus expanding possibilities
for understanding the world
-Adolescents now have the ability to perform hypothetical-deductive reasoning and can integrate what
they have learned in the past to consider the many future possibilities
Educational implications of Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development - ANSWER 1. Piaget's theory of
cognitive development provides an alternative to behavior theorists' belief that children are merely
passive learners. Children actively move through operational stages.
2. Piaget quantified the conceptual-learning process, suggesting that there are predictable and orderly
developmental accomplishments. Children can be tested at each stage to verify their level of cognitive
understanding.
3. Piaget suggested that a child's mind seeks a state of equilibrium. At each stage, children form a new
way to operate and adapt to the world.
4. By understanding Piaget's stages of cognitive development, teachers can avoid presenting material in
the classroom that is beyond the child's cognitive ability.
Animism - ANSWER -Refers to children believing that non-living objects have lifelike qualities
-It can be demonstrated in imaginary friends, etc. (preoperational, ages 2-4)
Example: When it begins to rain, a child might exclaim, "The sky is pouring water on me."
Casual Reasoning/Casuality - ANSWER -During preschool, children cannot yet think logically about cause
and effect
-Children believe that their thoughts can cause actions, whether or not the experiences have a casual
relationship
-Children reason by transductive reasoning (preoperational)
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