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PSYCHOLOGY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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PSYCHOLOGY HUMAN DEVELOPMENT EXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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PSYCHOLOGY HUMAN DEVELOPMENTEXAM 1 QUESTIONS ANSWERS WITH
SOLUTIONS 2024
developmental science - ANSWER an approach to studying the physical, cognitive, social and emotional
changes that humans undergo from conception throughout life
major themes of development - ANSWER 1. nature vs. nurture
2. continuous or discontinuous
3. can the course of development be changed
4. one or many ways
nature vs. nurture - ANSWER how do biology and experience interact to produce developmental
outcomes?
are children active or passive in their own development?
continuity - ANSWER is the process of development gradual and continuous or is it marked by abrupt,
stage-like discontinuities?
plasticity - ANSWER is development fixed or can it be influenced/changed?
if so- in what ways or how much can an individual or environmental impact outcomes?
individual differences - ANSWER does everyone develop in the same way?
what accounts for differences between people?
theories - ANSWER ideas/concepts of how something works
Piaget (1896-1980) - ANSWER mainly interested in normal cognitive development (not individual
differences)
believed children undergo qualitative stages as they go
assume children are active agents in their own learning
Piaget's 4 stages - ANSWER 1. sensorimotor (birth-2 y/o)
2. preoperational (2-7 y/o)
3. concrete operations (7- 11 y/o)
4. formal operational (11 + y/o)
information processing theory - ANSWER seeks to understand thought processes by comparing them to
computers
uses input, output, processing capacity and storage
quantitative changes in development --> continuity
Sociocultural Theory (Lev Vgotsky 1896-1934) - ANSWER emphasizes social interaction and culture in cog
development
children internalize directives from others
see development as involving quantitative and qualitative change
, zone of proximal development - ANSWER theory emphasizes instruction over discovery
current understanding
zone of proximal development
out of reach
psychodynamic theory (freud) - ANSWER people are guided by innate drives
personality shaped by resolution of our drives (id, ego, superego)
psychosexual stages of development
emphasizes the importance of early experience and care giving environment
very early parent/child relationships are important
drives from survival, sex, and death
-personality shaped by how we resolve these drives
psychodynamic (erikson) - ANSWER psychosocial stages associated with periods of development
psychosocial stages of development - ANSWER trust vs mistrust (birth-1/yo) hope
autonomy vs shame&doubt (1-3 y/o) will
initiative vs guilt (3-6y/o) purpose
industry vs inferiority (6-11y/o) competence
identity vs role confusion (11-18 ish) fidelity
intimacy vs isolation (early adult) love
generativity vs stagnation (mid adult) care
integrity vs despair (late adult) wisdom
behaviorism/learning theory - ANSWER nuture
positive reinforcement/punishment
all learning is a result of classical and operant conditioning
social learning theory (alfred bandura, 1925-) - ANSWER learning and behavior can't be fully explained
by operant and classical conditioning
learning occurs thru observation and imitation of others
emphasizes the expectation of reinforcement as a motivator
introducing importance of cognition to learning and behavior
longitudinal research methods - ANSWER same subjects observed at different ages (many people)
less variability
development is complex
cross sectional research - ANSWER subjects of different ages observed at a single point in time
less time
more people
same context
correlational methods - ANSWER does not imply causation
2 variables
relationship that can exist
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