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NCE/HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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NCE/HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
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NCE/HUMAN GROWTH ANDDEVELOPMENT QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
Psychoanalytical Theories - ANSWER Assume that biological forces drive people and that the individaul
must struggle to control or channel them. Believe developmental proceeds in stages, and that
personality characteristic developed in childhood remain stable over time.
Sigmund Freud - ANSWER Believed biological drives (sex and aggression) were the primary motivators of
human behavior. He believed that personality developed in psychosexual stages.
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital - ANSWER Pleasure focuses around the mouth-birth to 10mths,
Pleasure focuses around the anus and the process of elimination-1 to 3 yrs. Pleasure focuses around the
genitals-3 to 5 yrs. Dormancy of sexual desires-6 to 12 yrs.
Erik Erikson - ANSWER A)Erikson stresses the role of social (verses sexual) factors and his stages of
development each involve a different pshychosocial crises
B) Erikson places greater emphasis on the ego than on the id
C) Erikson views personality development as a process that continues throughout the lifespan and
involves an increasing "widening circle" of contacts with significant individuals, social institutions, and
cultural practices
Trust vs Mistrust (sensory state infancy) - ANSWER Birth-2yrs, If feeding is pleasent____develops.
Parents are central to social expansion of the child.
Autonomy vs.Shame - ANSWER 2yrs, Growing mastery of motor skills. If not allowed some independence
at this stage, child may begin to feel _____and begin doubting own powers. Parents are central
expansion of the child.
Initiative vs. Guilt - ANSWER (Locomotor or genital age)3-5yrs, Awareness begins to extend to other
people and things. Curiosity develops. Sharing with others takes place as well as role exploration, which
develops______. Parents are central to social exansion of the child.
Industry vs. Inferiority - ANSWER (School Age) 6yrs to adolescent, Child begins learning values and skills
of society. Recognition for accomplishments promotes_____.Peers are central to social expansion of
child.
Identity vs. Role confusion - ANSWER (Puberty and adolescense) 12-18yrs, process of finding out "Who
am I" Failure leads to fasle sense of self. Peers are central to social expansion of the child.
Intimacy vs. Isolation - ANSWER (Young Adulthood) The stage at which meaningful and intimate
relationships are developed. Peers are central to social expansion of the young person.
Generativity vs. Stagnation - ANSWER (Middle Adulthood) The ability to continue producing, reproducing
and developing vs. sitting back, not growing and futhering oneself. Partners and intimate friends are
central to social expansion.
, Integrity vs. Despair - ANSWER (Older Adulthood) Those who have been successful in solving life's crises
reach ego_____. They look back with a sense of achievement as opposed to feeling of______because of
an imcomplete life. Mankind is central to social expansion.
Jane Loevinger-Ego Development - ANSWER Like Erik Erikson theory, believes that stages are important
in revealing one's impulsiveness, self-protectiveness, conformity, conscientiousness, and autonomy.
Jane Loevinger-Stages of Ego Development - ANSWER Presocial, Symbotic, Impulsive, Self-protective,
Conformist.
Learning theorists - ANSWER Believe that human beings are born neither good nor bad. The prominent
idea is that people do nothing more than respond to their environment.
Ivan Pavlov(Classical Conditioning) Uncondtional Stimulus - ANSWER The stimulus that already evokes an
uconditional response. Ex. Meat(UCS)-->salivation (UCR).
Conditioned Stimulus - ANSWER The stimulus is paired with unconditined stimulus in hopes that it will
eventually evoke a similar response when presented alone.
Conditioned Stimulus - ANSWER After several pairings the CS (Bell) will hopefully be able to evoke a
conditioned response (salivation) when presented without the UCS(meat).
Systematic Desensitization-Classical - ANSWER Developed by Joseph Wolpe from the work of Jacobsem
(anxiety/fear) (relaxation response). Based upon principles of counterconditioning.
Reactive or Internal Inhibition-Classical - ANSWER Flooding, anxiety evoking stimulus is presented
continuously, leading to fatigue and evetual unlearning.
Counterconditioning-Classical - ANSWER A stronger pleasant stimulus is paired with a weaker aversive
stimulus.
Aversive Conditioning-Classical - ANSWER An alcoholic is given antabuse, which is a drug that causes
nausea when paired with alcohol. This technique is called_____. The idea here is to pair the alcohol with
an aversive, somewhat unpleasent stimulus to reduce the satisfaction of drinking it.
Operant Conditioning-B.F.Skinner - ANSWER A response is learned because of the consequences that
follow. The organism has to do something before it can be conditioned.
B.F. Skinner-Primary Reinforcement - ANSWER Reinforcement satisfies a primary need. Ex. Food.
B.F.Skinner-Secondary Reinforcement - ANSWER Reinforcement includes reinforcers that have somehow
been associated with primary reinforcers in the past so that they acquired reinforcing qualities. Ex.
Money
B.F.Skinner-Positive Reinforcement - ANSWER Think of it as adding something in order to increase a
response. For example, adding a treat will increase the response of sitting; adding praise will increase the
chances of your child cleaning his or her room.
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