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Adult Echo Study Guide with Complete Solutions
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Adult Echo Study Guide with Complete Solutions
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Adult Echo Study Guide with Complete Solutions@d EF of 50%. The EF is a measure of systolic LV function. - ANSWER-Which echo
findings is NOT consistent with diastolic dysfunction of the LV? (M-mode of mitral B-
notch / M-mode of high mitral A wave / 2D of EF lower than 50% / Doppler of MV E-A
ration > 1.0)
1 cm². MVA = P1/2t / 220 - ANSWER-A MV P1/2t of 220 ms is consistent with which
MVA?
1. Aortic Valve Area, 2. Poor LV function - ANSWER-The continuity equation is used to
calculate the _(1)_. It is most helpful in patients with _(2)_.
1. Apical, 2. Right Sternal Border, 3. Suprasternal - ANSWER-What are the 3 best
transducer positions for Doppler investigation of systolic blood flow across the aortic
valve?
1. Decreased E-F slope, 2. Thickened MV, 3. Mitral distal velocity > 1.5m/s. (1 & 2 must
be noted for it to be considered MS) - ANSWER-Which group of echo findings would
give a definitive diagnosis of MS?
1. Decreasing overall gain, 2. Increasing depth setting. 1 allows for differentiation
between the pericardium and epicardium. 2 helps define the borders of the effusion. -
ANSWER-Which 2 echo techniques are useful when evaluating for the presence of
pericardial effusion?
1. Dobutamine, 2. Adenosine, 3. Dipyridamine - ANSWER-List 3 possible
pharmacological techniques for stress test.
1. Exercise-induced wall motion abnormality, 2. Increase in LV volume, 3. Decrease in
global LV EF - ANSWER-An exercise echocardiogram is considered positive if any of
these (3) findings are present.
1. Long axis, 2. Short axis, 3. Four chamber - ANSWER-What terminology is used to
denote the 3 orthogonal planes for 2D echocardiographic imaging?
1. Perpendicular, 2. Parallel - ANSWER-2D images are best obtained when the
ultrasound beam is directed _(1)_ to the structure of interest. Doppler signals are best
obtained when the ultrasound beam is directed _(2)_ to the flow of blood.
1. Recent MI, 2. Unstable angina, 3. potentially life-threatening dysrhythmia, 4. Acute
pericarditis, 5. Severe hypertension, 6. Acute pulmonary embolism, 7. Critical aortic
stenosis - ANSWER-7 Contraindications for stress echocardiology.
1. Reduce friction with cardiac movement, 2. Allow the heart to move freely with each
beat, facilitating ejection and volume changes, 3. Contain the heart within the
, mediastinum (especially during trauma), 4. Serve as a barrier to infection. - ANSWER-
What is the purpose of the pericardium?
1. Screening for CAD, 2. Assessing states before and after intervention, 3. Determining
prognosis after MI, 4. Evaluating hemodynamic significance of valvular heart disease -
ANSWER-4 Indications for stress echocardiology.
12cm. The width is 8-9 cm (widest part), 6 cm (narrowest part) - ANSWER-What is the
average length of an adult heart?
15-50mL of fluid - ANSWER-Which of the following would indicate pericardial effusion?
(5----100) mL of fluid.
2D Echo. The spatial orientation of 2D echo provides for a better assessment of the
size, location, and motion of valvular vegetations. - ANSWER-Valvular vegetations are
best detected with ___
4 Pulmonary veins. 2 from each lung. They carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the left atrium of the heart. - ANSWER-The left atrium receives how many pulmonary
veins?
A "swinging heart" on the 2D exam. Excessive motion of the heart can sometimes be
noted with massive pericardial effusion. - ANSWER-One can be reasonably certain that
a large amount of pericardial effusion is present by noting ___
A dilated LA and LVH. MS causes the LA to dilate, and AS leads to LVH. - ANSWER-
The 2D echo of a patient combined mitral and aortic stenosis is most likely to
demonstrate ___
A peak gradient occurring in late diastole. The peak gradient in MS usually occurs in
EARLY diastole. - ANSWER-Which of the following is most likely to NOT be
demonstrated on the Doppler signal obtained from the apex in a patient with MS?
(increased diastolic peak velocity / spectral broadening / decreased E-F slope / peak
gradient occuring in late diastole)
A reduced EF. An E point-to-septal separation of more than 10 mm correlates with a
reduced EF. - ANSWER-An increased E point-to-septal separation is usially a good
indicator of ___.
A ridge of muscle separating the right atrium. The RA has two parts: an anterior portion
and a posterior portion. These two are separated by a ridge of muscle called the crista
terminalis. - ANSWER-What is crista terminalis?
Abnormal rocking motion of the valve. Dehiscence is when the prosthetic valve loosens
or separates from the sewing ring and causes an abnormal rocking motion and a
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